1.
Acid ph: ph<7
2.
active transport: req carrier protein in membrane and use atp
3.
Amino Acids- four levels: primary- seq of amino acids, sec- reg folding of backbone, tertiary- 3-D structure of 1 chain, Quaternary- arrangement of more than 1 chain
4.
Archea: live in harsh env.
5.
avery: found that DNA is a genetic material- exp looking for pneumococcal
6.
Bacteria: prokaryotic- no membrane bounded nucleus, genetic material in nucleotide, divide by binary fission
7.
Bacterial divsion: binary fission, produces 2 cells from one
8.
Base ph: ph>7
9.
Biological Moleuces- 4: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, proteins
10.
Can DNA replicate the 2 strands at once: cannot copy with out stopping
11.
Carbohydrates- chem, function: CH20, short term e,
12.
Cell cyle- Euk.-5: G1- prepares DNA rep, S, syntesis DNA is replicated, G2- prepare 4 mitosis, M- seg chrom, cyto- divide cytoplasm
13.
Chargaffs rules: bases- a=t, g=c, ag(pyruine larger)=tc(pyridamine smaller)- all nonpolar forms base pairs
14.
Checkpoints in Mitosis: G1/S- decision 2 rep DNA, check 4 chrom integrity, G2/M... M/A
15.
Cytoskeleton: support cell struct, dynamic- microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments- framing
16.
Denatured Heat tand Ph o proteins: weaken bonds, pH change ionization of acids, bases- changing charge on amino acids
17.
Denaturnation/renaturation- proteins: proteins can be denatured (lose 3-D) structure by heat: egg, pH
18.
Detailed Dna Struc: has 5' (po4) end and 3' (OH- sugar) end- polarity, sugar and phosphates are hydrophillic- outside, bases are hydrophobic- inside
19.
diffusion: passive- req concentration diff
20.
direction of Repilcation: DNA is antiparallel- opp direction, and polymerase only goes 5-3
21.
DNA Polymerase: Needs a primer to extend and is made of RNA
22.
DNA rep Enzymes, Primase, DNA polyemerase has 2 kinds, helicase, ssb, dna ligase: makes rna primers, one 4 synthesis of dna, one removes and resytntheises primers, unwinds dna, stabilizes single strands, joins fragements on lagging strands
23.
DNA Replication- semi conservative: open moleucules than each strand is copied
24.
DNA structure: Nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, base- polynucl- alternative sugar and phos
25.
Electro negativity- regarding the chart: increase left to right, decrease top to bottom
26.
Endocytosis: phagocytosis- eats cell takes up large particle in vesicle, pinocytosis- cell drinking small particle in vesicle
27.
ER, RER- SER,: detoxifications- protien synthesis (ribosomes)lipid syntheis
28.
Eukarya: membrane bounded nuc, complex internal struct with internal membrane, dna packaged into linear chroms, divided by mitosis
29.
Fac. Diffusion- Active Transport: needs a protein, diff is that it needs ATP, and can go agaisnt concentration gradient.
30.
Fac. Diffusion- Carrier Proteins: allow polar molecules like glucose
31.
Faciliated diffusion: uses protein in membrane, not need atp, needs high concentration diff.
32.
Faciliated diffusion- Ion channels: charged are alloweed to cross memrbane
33.
Golgi Apparatus: Recieves vesicles from Er, modifies and packages proteins
34.
Griffin: disocovered genetic material transfer- bacteria
35.
hydrogen bonds- H and O electronegativity, attraction to e- , charge: o is more electro: attracts more e-, and partically - charged, h is less: attracts less e- and + charged
36.
Hydrophillic: polar or charged macromolecule that is soluble in water
37.
Hydrophobic: nonpolar and is not soluble in water
38.
Irreversible from Mitosis: DNA replication, anaphase
39.
Lipids: Fatty acids along (hydrocarbon chains with COOH- hydrophobic)
40.
Membrane- water: water is polar, so can't cross but does so with osmosis
41.
Mitochondria- structure 2, function: double membrane, matrix, major site of energy metabolism in Euk
42.
Mitosis: seg chromosomes- make sure each cell gets one copy of eah chrom- by keeping chrom. together after replication
43.
mitosis: sep gen material
44.
Nucleic Acid- chem, func: Nitrogen, Phosphate- po4, ribose sugar, dna and rna info
45.
nucleus structure: Double membrane- bilayer, continuous with integrated membrane system- ER, pore to communicate with cytoplasm
46.
Permeability to the Membrane: Membrane inferioris hydrophobic, smaller and nonpolar charged cross the easiest
47.
phospholipids: has hydrophobic and hydrophillic end
48.
Plasma membrane: phospolipid bilayer
49.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic difference of cell- simple: pro- no membrane bounded nucleus
50.
Proteins are made of: Amino group- NH2, Carboxylic aid- COOH, Hydrogen- h,R groupd: makes each unique- 20 diff amino acids
51.
Protiens associated with membrane: Peripheral, integral: peripheral: on one side or other, integral: embedded in membrane
52.
Req for DNA rep: template, buildin blocks- dNTP, enzymes to copy- DNA polymeres
53.
saturated: more h fats- straight chains
54.
Simple sugars-3: glucose, fructose, ribose
55.
spindles: are mircrotubules that completly sep chrom.
56.
starch is made from, glygogen... cellulose: plants- e storage, animal- e storage, plants- cell wall
57.
structure and nature of DNA polymerase: one strand continous- leading, one strand done in pieces- laggin
58.
unsaturated: less H oils- kinked chains
59.
water characteristics 3: adhesive and cohesive, dissovles polar molecules and ionic sub,
60.
watson crick: dna struc
