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axis of rotation an imaginary line running through the Earth which Earth rotates around revolution the motion of one object around another seasons patterns of temperature changes and other weather trends over the course of a year equinox when sunlight shines equally on the northern and southern hemispheres solstice when the area of sunlight is at a maximum in one hemisphere and a minimum in the other hemisphere mare a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon eclipse when the Moon, the Sun, and Earth line up exactly, making the Sun or the Moon seem to grow dark umbra the darkest part of Earth's shadow penumbra a spreading cone of lighter shadow around the umbra