Patho exam 3 respiratory
Order by
84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the primary symptoms of respiratory disease? | Cough, fever, dyspnea, sputum |
| When used for diagnosing, what does sputum signal? | Denotes airway disease unless lung abcess. Also seen in asthma, bronchitis, or bronchiectasis |
| What information is needed to solve the problem of diagnosis? | Onset Acute/subacute Exacerbation of existing disease Slow progressing disease Pain Risk factors Chest X-ray |
| What are possible upper respiratory tract infections? | Allergic rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Sinusitis |
| What are the signs and symptoms of rhinitis? | Nasal turbinates, erythema, swelling, exudate |
| What is the etiology of rhinitis? | Viral, bacterial, antigenic, hormonal (premarin/progesterone) |
| What is the etiology of sinusitis? | Viral, bacterial, antigenic, immunogenic, hyperplasia |
| What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis? | Nasal turbinates, erythema, swelling, yellow to green educate, pain in sinuses with palladium, sinus swelling |
| What is the treatment of rhinitis? | Antihistamines, topical steroids, leukotriene receptor antagonist, expectorants |
| What is the treatment of sinusitis? | Antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, expectorants |
| What is the etiology of laryngitis? | Viral, bacterial, inflammation, infection, hyperplasia, dysplasia |
| How is laryngitis diagnosed? | Auditory hoarseness, laryngoscopy, ct imaging |
| How is laryngitis treated? | Supportive, ENT specialist care, rest larynx no talking |
| What is the etiology of pharyngitis? | Post nasal drainage(vesicles/cobblestone appearance), viral, bacterial (group a beta hemolytic strep or other pathogens) |
| What are the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis? | Erythema, mid to posterior pharyngeal abcess swelling, pain, exudate in tonsils and posterior pharynx |
| What is the treatment for pharyngitis? | Bacterial source- microbial Viral or post nasal drainage- supportive and treatment of sinusitis(antihistamines, anti-inflammatory, expectorants) |
| What are the possible lower respiratory tract diseases? | Pleural abnormalities Pulmonary emboli COPD bronchitis Asthma ARDS Infections- pneumonia, lung abcess, tuberculosis Lung cancer |
| What is the purpose of the pulmonary circuit in circulation? | Facilitate gas exchange Deliver nutrients Reservoir for left ventricle Filtering system |
| What is the difference I. Pressure between the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit? | The pulmonary circuit has less pressure and resistance |
| What are possible responses to irritants in the airways? | Cough, bronchoconstriction, increased ventilatory rate |
| What does the Hering-Breuer expiratory reflex control? | Decreases ventilatory rate and volume |
| What occurs when the j-receptors(juxtapulomnary capillary receptors) are initiated? | Sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure Initiates rapid, shallow breathing Hypotension Bradycardia |
| What should be monitored with initiation of the j receptors? | pH, PaCo |
| What are the different types of pneumonthorax? | Open, tension, spontaneous, secondary |
| What occurs in an open pneumonthorax ? | Communication with atmospheric pressure |
| What occurs in a tension pneumothorax? | Site acts as a one way valve and air enters but cannot escape? |
| What occurs in a spontaneous pneumothorax ? | Rupture of blend on visceral pleura, usually |
| What occurs in a secondary pneumothorax? | Chest trauma, disease, mechanical ventilation |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax? | Dyspnea Pleural pain Tachypnea Possible compression atelectasis Possible displacement of medistinal contents |
| How is a pneumothorax diagnosed? | Chest X-ray for air in apex of lung Auscultation |
| What is the treatment of a pneumothorax? | Remove air/blood from parietal/visceral space Re-expand lung with chest tubes |
| What are the possible etiologies of a pulmonary emboli? | Fat thrombus Air |
| What is the manifestation of a pulmonary emboli? | Ischemia of all tissue distal to supporting vasculature Hypoxic vasoconstriction |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a pulmonary emboli? | patient can be asymptomatic, SOB, chest pain, tachypnes, V/Q Imbalances, low PaCO2, low PaO2, pulmonary hypertension, decreased cardiac output, systemic hypotension, shock |
| How is pulmonary emboli diagnosed? | pulse ox, chest x-ray, VQ Scan showing ventilation but no perfusion, CT scan, D-Dimer, MRI |
| What is the treatment for pulmonary emboli? | prevention, supportive O2, anticoagulants |
| What is atelectasis? | Inadequate aveolar filling where air is replaced by fluid |
| What is flail chest? | hole in pleural space |
| What is pleural effusion? | fluid in pleural space which can lead to ateclectasis or displaced mediastinal contents |
| What is Pleurisy? | inflammation between parietal and visceral pleura |
| What is Costochondritis? | Inflammation between ribs in intercostal spaces Is the most common cause of chest pain in children |
| What is an Empyema? | Infection in pleural space |
| Pulmonary Edema | ... |
| What is pneumoconiosis? | Inhalation of inorganic dust particles |
| How does pneumoconiosis manifest? | Pulmonary fibrosis |
| What is the etiology of pneumononiosis? | idiopathic, result of inflammatory process after exposure to antigen/immunogen |
| What is the symptom of pneumoniosis? | decreased lung compliance |
| What is the etiology of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome? | Sepsis Multiple Trauma DIC, smoke |
| What are the manifestations of ARDS? | Inflammation, diffuse aveolo-capillary injury leading to increased capillary permeability causing pulmonary edema, hyaline membrane form, fibrosis, decreased FRC |
| What is the etiology of Asthma? | inflammation Broncho-constriction Hyper-responsivity to co-morbid allergies |
| What symptoms classify Mild Intermittent Asthma? | Symptoms 2/wk or 2/night/month Peak flows greater than or equal to 80% of your personal best, with less than 20% variability in daily peak flow measurements |
| What symptoms classify mild persistent asthma? | more than 2/wk but less than 1/day or 2/night/month |
| What symptoms classify moderate persistent asthma? | daily symptoms or more than 1/night/wk Peak flows that are 60 to 80% of personal best, or more than 30% variability in daily peak flow measurements |
| What symptoms classify severe persistent asthma? | Continual symptoms with peak flows that are less than or equal to 60% of personal best, or more than 30% variability in daily peak flow measurements |
| What are the medications used to treat asthma? | Mucolytics, Antihistamines, Bronchodialators, antiinflammatories, leukotriene receptor antagonist |
| What are the goals of treatment for asthma? | minimal or no chronic symptoms minimal or no exacerbations no limitations on activities peak flows greater than 80% of personal best minimal or no adverse effects from medications |
| What is COPD? | Chronic, irreversible pathologic lung changes |
| What is primary emphysema? | Deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin which inhibits the action of prteolytic enzymes |
| What is secondary emphysema? | Deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin by smoking because of excessive neutrophils in the lungs Parenchyma releases prtolytic enzymes that damage respiratory bronchioles and alveolar walls |
| What occurs in emphysema? | destruction of aveolar septa elimination of portions of capillary bed Increases volume of air in acinus Loss of elastic recoil causes expiratory difficulty Hyperinflation of aveoli Bronchoconstriction |
| What are the clinical manifestations of Emphysema? | exertional dyspnea progressing to resting dyspnea no cough in beginning little sputum production thin body tachypnea with prolonged expiration use of accessory muscles AP diameter increased Hyper-resonance with percussion Orthopnea |
| How is emphysema diagnosed? | Chest X-Ray showing flat diaphragm, transulucent and overdistended lung fields PFT's- decreased FVC FEVI, increased FRC, RV, and TLC |
| What is the treatment for emphysema? | Bronchodialators Mucolytics Anticholinergics Antihistamines Oxygen Removal of irritant Relaxation exercises Reconditioning exercises Avoiud URI's |
| WHat is the disease progression of emphysema? | usually accompanied with chronic bronchitis Increased number of infections Increased dyspnea Cor pulmonale Death |
| What is the etiology of pneumonia? | Organisms |
| What are the manifestations of pneumonia? | inflammatory and immune response result in deposits of fibrin on pleural surfaces, consolidation of lung parenchyma |
| 70% of all cases of pneumonia are | Community Acquired |
| What is hospital acquired pneumonia likely to cause? | residual lung sequellae like lung abcess or emphyema |
| What are the likely causes of exposure to the organisms causign pneumonia? | inspiration of infected droplets Porr dental hygeine causes normal flora to become pathogenic Septicemia IV drug abuse |
| How is pneumonia diagnosed? | Chest Xray shows infiltrates Color of sputum (rusty streptococcus, salmon pinkl staphylococcus, green pseudomonial) Amount of sputum (Myoplasma and viral have scant sputum) Culture and sensitivity of sputum |
| What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia? | chills fever productive or dry cough malaise pleural pain dyspnea hemoptysis |
| What is the treatment for pneumonia? | Antibiotics mucolytics supportive oxgen |
| What isthe criteria for hospitalization for pneumonia? | Any 3 of: resp rate >30 confusion/disorientation uremia, BUN >20 Leukopenia, WBC <20,000 Systolic <90 Multilobar infiltrates PaO2/FiO2 ratio <250 Thrombocytopenia, plt <100,000 Hypothermia <36C Hypotension requiring agressive fluid rescucitation |
| What is the etiology of Tuberculosis? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| How is Tuberculosis transmitted? | Aireborn droplet or tissue contamination |
| What is the patho of tuberculosis? | inflammatory response engulfs bacilli in granuloma or tubercle which causes a decreased function on lung parenchyma Phagocytosis breaks down granuloma releasing new bacilli |
| What are the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis? | cough, progressive night sweats purulent sputum hypoxemia fever anorexia/weight loss erosion of tubercle into parenchyma and possibly vessels |
| How is tuberculosis diagnosed? | skin test (BCG immunization can cause false positive) chest x-ray sputum culture |
| What is the treatment for tuberculosis? | Appropriate antimicrobials Protect immune compromised |
| What is the etiology of ung cancer? | Tobaccos Genes Environment |
| What are the different types of lung cancer? | Squamous Small cell Adenocarcinoma Large Cell |
| What are the clinical manifestations of lung cancer? | chronic cough persistent infections airway obstruction hemoptysis pleural effusions |
| How is lung cancer diagnosed? | Chest X-Ray biopsy Ct Scan |
| What is the usual treatment for lung cancer? | Chemotherapy Radiation Surgery |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.