Circulatory System- Blood
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Created by:
SailorJohnEdward on July 12, 2011
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60 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the functions of blood? | -Transports all necessary fluids, gases, chemicals, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body - Protection; WBCs, antibodies, and platelets - Regulation of fluid and buffering |
| What are the properties of blood? | - Viscosity - Osmolarity |
| What is Viscosity? | Resistance to flow |
| What is Osmolarity? | Total molarity of dissolved particles - sodium ions, protein, and RBCs High Osmolarity - causes fluid absorption into blood, raises BP Low Osmolarity - causes fluid to remain in tissues, may result in edema |
| What are the three major categories of plasma proteins? | -Albumins (most abundant; contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance) - Globulins (antibodies; provide immune system functions such as gamma globulins are antibodies) - Fibrinogen( precursor of fibrin threats that help form blood clots) |
| what is plasma? | a solution of water and solutes |
| What is formed elements? | -RBCs: carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide -WBCs: important in immunity, allergic responses, antibody production and inflammation - Platelets: essential for hemostasis |
| What is Serum? | Remains after plasma clots; Fibrinogen is NOT in serum |
| What is are nitrogenous compounds? | (Nonprotein) -amino acids -nitrogenous wastes (urea) |
| What the function of Erythrocytes (RBCs)? | - Gas transport (major function); increased surface area and volume ratio no nucleus or mitochondria - Carbonic anhydrase (CAH); produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water; important role in gas transport and pH balance |
| What is a hematocrit? | % of whole blood composed of RBCs |
| Why are RBCs and Hemoglobin lower in women? | -adrogens stimulate RBC production -periodic mestrual losses -hematocrit inversely proportional to percent body fat |
| Hemopoiesis | the production of new blood cells, -stimulated by a # of chemical messengers in response to alterations in body homeostasis |
| Where are plasma proteins made by? | mostly in the liver; except globulins produced by plasma cells |
| What does the bone marrow produce? | RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
| Hemopoietic | tissues where new blood cells are produces |
| yolk sac | produce stem cells; colonize fetal bone marrow,liver, spleen and thymus |
| Spleen is involved? | with WBC production |
| Erthrocyte Homeostasis | Negative feedback control - drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia - EPO production stimulates bone marrow - RBC count increases in 3-4 days |
| What stimulates erythropoiesis? | -low levels of O2 - increase in exercise - loss of lung tissue in emphysema |
| What are the nutritional needs for erythrocyte production? | - Iron (for hemoglobin production) - Vitamin B12 and folic acid - Vitamin C and copper (cofactors for enzymes synthesizing RBCs |
| EPO | stimulates the development of the proerythroblast into an erythroblast |
| Hemoglobin | a protein that consists of four polypeptide chains called globins. Each heme group, bound to iron, can then bind to an oxygen molecule |
| How many oxygen molecules can a one hemoglobin bind to? | One hemoglobin molecule can bind to a maximum of 4 oxygen molecules. |
| What is polycythemia? | an excess of RBCs |
| Primary polycythemia | Cancer of erthropoietic cell line in red bone marrow RBC count is high as 11 |
| Secondary polycythemia | from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning |
| What is globin? | a polypeptide |
| What is Anemia and causes of it? | Inadequate erthropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis (decreased production) - kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin |
| pernicious anemia | - inadequate vitamin of B12 from poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor |
| Hemorrhagic anemias | loss |
| Hemolytic anemias | increased destruction; Body destroying RBCs |
| Sickle-cell Disease- homozygous | Hereditary Hb 'defect' -recessive allele modifies hemoglobin structure - individual has shortened life |
| Sickle-cell trait | heterozygous for HbS - individual has resistance to malaria |
| Leukocytes (WBCs) | responsible for defense from microorganisms and other pathogens. |
| What are the 2 types of Leukocytes? | - Grandulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) - Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) |
| Neutrophils | Increases in bacterial infections -phagocytosis of bacteria -release antimicrobial chemicals (hydrogen peroxide) |
| Eosinophils | Increase in parasitic infections or allergies -phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory chemicals -release enzymes to destroy parasites |
| Basophils | Increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes -secrete histamine -secrete heparin |
| Lymphocyes | Increase in diverse infections and immune responses - destroy cancer cells - "present" antigens to activate other immune cells - coordinate actions of other immune cells - secrete antibodies and provide immune memory |
| Monocytes | increase in viral infections and inflammation - differentiate into marcrophages - phagocytize pathogens and debris - "present" antigens to activate other immune responses |
| Leukopenia | Low WBC count causes: radiation, poisons, infectious diseases effects: elevated risk of infection |
| Leukocytosis | High WBC count Causes: infection, allergy and disease Differential count -distinguishes % of each cell type |
| Leukemia | Cancer of hemopoietic tissue -myeloid and lymphoid- uncontrolled WBC production - acute and chronic- death in months or 3 years Effects: normal cell % disrupted; impaired clotting |
| Platelets | Responsible for hemostasis; aid in vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. -phagocytize bacteria -chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation |
| thrombopoiesis | Production of platetes |
| Megakaryoblasts | (started out as Stem cells) -repeatedly replicate DNA w/o dividing cytoplasm -forms gigantic cell called megakaryocyte |
| Megakaryocyte | Infoldings of cytoplasm splits off cells fragments that enter bloodstream as platelets |
| Hemostasis | homeostatic mechanism that prevents the loss of blood due to trauma or other damage to blood vessels |
| What are the 3 stages of Hemostasis? | 1. Vascular Spasm 2. Platelet Plug 3. Coagulation |
| Vascular spasm | promote the prompt constriction of a broken blood vessel. -pain receptors (short duration-minutes) -smooth muscle injury(longer duration) -platelet release serotonin (vasoconstrictor) -provides time for other two-clotting pathways |
| Platelete Plug Formation | Endothelium smooth, coated with prostacyclin -broken vessel exposes collagen -platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets- pseudopods contract an draw walls of vessel togethere forming a platelet plug - Platelets degranulate releasing serotonin (vasoconstrictor), ADP (attracts and degranulates more platelets), Thromboxane A - positive feedback cycle is active until break in vessel is sealed |
| Clotting | conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to form framework of clot |
| Coagulation | -clotting -Procoagulants (clotting factors) are present in plasma -extrinsic pathway: factors released by damaged tissues begin cascade -intrinsic pathway: factors found in blood begin cascade (platelet degranulation) |
| Hemophilia | Genetic lack of any clotting factor affects coagulation - Sex-linked recessive - physical exertion causes bleeding and excruciating pain |
| Embolism | clot traveling in a vessel |
| Thrombosis | abnormal clotting in unbroken vessel- likely to occur in leg veins of inactive people |
| Pulmonary embolism | clot may break free, travel from veins to lungs |
| Infraction | occurs if clot blocks blood supply to an organ |
| Thrombus | inappropriate clot inside vessel |
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