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digestive tract tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus; also called the alimentary canal bolus chewed up food mixed with saliva chyme stomach turns bolus into this pasty substance mastication chewing of food; 1st part of digestive process peristalsis the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along segmentation churning and mixing movements in the small intestine hard palate anterior roof of mouth; made by bone covered in dense connective tissue and nonkeritinized simple squamous epithelium; separates oral and nasal cavities soft palate posterior portion of the roof of the mouth; made of skeletal muscle covered by epithelium; closes entry to nasopharynx when swallowing uvula muscular projection extending from the soft palate that assists in closing the nasopharynx tonsils masses of partially encapsuled lymphatic tissue that detect antigens in swallowed food dentition teeth incisors front teeth shaped like chiseles for slicing into food; 2 per quadrant canine posterior to inscisors with pointy tip for puncturing and tearing; 1 per quadrant premolars between canines and molars flat surfases with cusps to crush and grind; have two roots; 2 per quadrant molars thickest and most posterior teeth; large flat crowns with cusps and three or more roots; 3 per quadrant esophagus tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach esophageal hiatus opening in the diaphram that the esophagus passes through fundus dome shaped region of the stomach above the esophagus cardia the opening into the stomach and that part of the stomach connected to the esophagus body main, large area of the stomach pylorus Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum gastric folds these allow the stomach to expand when full parietal cells Cells found in gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (for hydrolysis of ingested food) and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B-12). chief cells Pepsinogen-secreting cells found at the bottom of the gastric glands duodenum first portion of small intestine jejunum middle portion of small intestine; primary region for chemical digestion and absorbtion; 2.5 meters ileum Third part of the small intestine lacteal A small lymph vessel located inside of the villi of the small intestine villi small fingerlike projections of mucus in the small intestine which increase surface area for absorbtion and digestion large intestine absorbs water from the remaining material that leave the small intestine ascending colon portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum transverse colon the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen. descending colon Part of the large intestine that passes downward sigmoid colon the s-shaped curve in the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum mucosa innermost layer of the GI tract, contains 3 sublayers lamina propria middle layer of mucosa between epithelium and musculatis mucosae; composed of areolar connective tissue muscularis mucosae third layer of mucosa; thin layer of smooth muscle submucosa layer after the mucosa which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves submucosal nerve plexus occupies the submucosa and regulates the glands and smooth muscle in mucosa muscularis double layer of smooth muscles that are between the mucosa and the serosa inner circular layer inner muscular layer of the muscularis; muscle fibers are arranged circumfrentially outer circular layer outer muscular layer of the muscularis; muscle fibers are arranged lengthwise sphincter muscles of muscularis thicken to form these at some oints to close it off or control passage of materials myentric nerve plexus located between the muscle layers of the muscularis and control it's contractions serosa outer layer of the intraperitonial GI organs adventitia outer layer of retroperitonial GI organs paratoid largest salivary gland located by the ear; produces only serous secretions 25-30% of saliva submandibular salivary gland located inferior to the mandibular body; mucous and serous secretions, 60-70% of saliva sublingual salivary gland located under the tongue; mucous and serous secretions, 3-5% of saliva pancreas an organ that secrets chemicals to break food down at the end of the stomach acinar cells simple cubiodal cells of the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes of panceatic juice pancreatic islet Masses of cells that constitute the endocrine portion of the pancreas biliary apparatus A network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. common hepatic duct drains bile from the liver; joins the cystic duct (goes to gallbladder) to form common bile duct cystic duct a duct draining bile from the gallbladder; merges with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct common bile duct a duct formed by the hepatic and cystic ducts liver Large organ just above the stomach that produces bile gallbladder a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion