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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Determine the correct structural hierarchy of skeletal muscles, from microscopic to gross levels. | myofibril - fiber - fascicle - muscle |
| Mature skeletal muscle fibers | individually contain hundreds of nuclei just internal to the plasma membrane. |
| A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called | a motor unit |
| How is the H band distinguished from the other prominent structural features of the sarcomere? | It is a lighter region that contains thick filaments, but no thin filaments. |
| When does a muscle contraction begin? | when stored calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm through gated calcium channels |
| The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a ________. | Triad |
| Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle? maintain posture guard body entrances and exits produce movement maintain body temperatur | all of the above |
| The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the | epimysium |
| The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n) | tendon. |
| The structural theory that explains how a muscle fiber contracts is called the | sliding filament theory |
| The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the | sarcolemma |
| Which of the following best describes the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | storage and release site for calcium ions |
| The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the | sarcomere. |
| Determine during which phase of the contraction cycle the calcium ions bind to troponin. | active-site exposure |
| Which statement about the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers is true? Cross striations result from the lateral alignment of thick and thin filaments. Tubular extensions of the sarcolemma penetrate the fiber transversely. Muscle fibers are continuous from tendon to tendon. Each fiber has many nuclei. | All are true. |
| Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for | muscle contraction. |
| At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by | tropomyosin molecules. |
| At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by | troponin molecules. |
| The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and the muscle fiber is the | synaptic cleft. |
| The action potential is conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by | transverse tubules. |
| The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular synaptic terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter | acetylcholine. |
| Action potential propagation in a skeletal muscle fiber ceases when acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft. Which of the following mechanisms ensures a rapid and efficient removal of acetylcholine? | Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. |
| The neuromuscular junction is a well-studied example of a chemical synapse. Which of the following statements describes a critical event that occurs at the neuromuscular junction? | Acetylcholine is released by axon terminals of the motor neuron. |
| Action potentials travel the length of the axons of motor neurons to the axon terminals. These motor neurons __________. | extend from the brain or spinal cord to the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fibe |
| Calcium entry into the axon terminal triggers which of the following events? | Synaptic vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal and release acetylcholine. |
| Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma and triggers __________. | the opening of ligand-gated cation channels |
| Sodium and potassium ions do not diffuse in equal numbers through ligand-gated cation channels. Why? | The inside surface of the sarcolemma is negatively charged compared to the outside surface. Sodium ions diffuse inward along favorable chemical and electrical gradients. |
| The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge? | A myosin head bound to actin |
| What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber? | The sarcomere |
| Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber? | Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment? | ATP binds to the myosin head |
| How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation? | The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP. |
| What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin? | Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape. |
| When does cross bridge cycling end? | Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin. |
| The endomysium: | surrounds the individual muscle fibers, and loosely interconnects adjacent muscle fibers. |
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