Flashcards: FILM240X-2011
All 208 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 A&R agent | Artist & repertoire agents are music talent scouts who discover, develop, and sometimes manage talent for record labels |
| Ad spend | amount of money spent on advertising |
| Advergames | Video games that are solely created for promotional purposes |
| Advertising vehicle | specific entity into which an advertisement is placed |
| Advertorial | An advertisement in the form of an editorial |
| Agenda setting | A media-research argument that says that when the mass media pay attention to particular events or issues, they determine or set the agenda for major topics of discussion for individuals and society |
| App | Abbreviation for application, software running on a computer, a mobile device or other platform, for example, Facebook |
| Architectures of Participation | Quality of Web 2.0, digital systems designed and purpose-built for mass user contribution/participation |
| Aspirational content | Encourages audience to continue wanting something they cannot (yet) have, because of barriers such as product price, consumer's age, or limited availability of product/service |
| Association principle | In advertising, a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product |
| Astroturf lobbying | Phony grassroots public affairs campaigns engineered by public relations firms |
| Audience studies | Cultural studies research that focuses on how people use and interpret cultural content. Also known as reader-response research |
| Augmented reality | Virtual computer-generated imagery superimposed on a view of the surrounding environment |
| Avatar | An online identity used in role-playing games, |
| B2B | Business-to-business; commerce transactions between businesses; sales focused on business customers, either for internal use or resale |
| B2C | Business-to-customer; sales focused on consumers, typically for personal consumption |
| Bandwagon effect | An advertising strategy that incorporates exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product, so you should, too |
| Below the line costs (TV production) | Generally fixed costs related to the show's physical production, including allowances for non-starring cast members, technical production crew, post-production teams, locations, technical equipment, catering, insurance, etc. |
| Blaxploitation | American film genre circa 1970 targeted to urban, black audience, featuring primarily black cast. Produced across the genres from horror, SF, action, romance, to westerns. Narratives focused on themes such as social problems including white supremacy, racism, poverty, and politics |
| Blind Booking | Process whereby film theaters were required to schedule films for the coming season based only on descriptions provided by the studio, with no actual preview prints available |
| Block Booking | An early tactic of movie studios to control exhibition, involving pressuring theater operators to accept marginal films with no stars in order to get access to films with the most popular stars |
| Bootlegging | Illegal recording and then distribution of a performance |
| Boutique ad agency | In advertising, small regional ad agencies that offer personalized services |
| Box Office Revenue | Revenue from ticket sales for films at movie theaters |
| Brand community | non-geographically bound community formed on the basis of attachment to a product or service, can be on and/or offline; group of consumers with a shared system of values and standards; may participate in shared media rituals |
| Broadband | data transmission over fiber-optic cable |
| Browsers | Information-search services, such as Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer, that offer detailed organizational maps to the Internet |
| Buzz | Word-of-mouth marketing, where product information is communicated by consumers |
| Cause marketing | marketing effort for social and other charitable cause |
| Cel Animation | Cel or hand drawn animation is technique where each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation in cinema until the advent of computer animation |
| Celebrity endorsement | Also known as famous person testimonial advertising, a promotional written or spoken statement by a celebrity or public figure, extolling the value of a product or service |
| Centrifugal effect | in communication studies, used to describe media use habits that have a separating effect on people |
| Centripetal effect | in communication studies, media that connects and brings people together |
| Channel One | news program for teens broadcast via satellite to middle schools and high schools across the United States |
| Chapter Show | In TV production any situation comedy or dramatic program whose narrative structure includes self-contained stories that feature a problem, a series of conflicts, and a resolution, from week to week. For contrast see serial program |
| Churning | practice of customers switching to another supplier based on special discount offers |
| Cinema verite | French term for truth film, a documentary style that records fragments of everyday life unobtrusively; it often features a rough, grainy look and shaky, handheld camera work |
| Cinematography | lighting and camera choices when making movies |
| Citizen journalism | A grassroots movement wherein activist amateurs and concerned citizens, not professional journalists, use the Internet and blogs to disseminate news and information |
| Click-thru | percentage of ad views on a Web page that resulted in an ad click |
| Cognitive dissonance | uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously; discomfort in response to a perceived discrepancy between what is already known/believed to be true, and some new information/idea/interpretation which casts doubt on those preexisting beliefs |
| Confirmation bias | tendency for people to favor information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses regardless of whether the information is true |
| Consensus journalism | found in small communities, news that promotes social and economic harmony by providing community calendars, meeting notices, and carrying local news |
| Consensus narratives | cultural products and stories that become popular and command wide attention, thus providing shared cultural experiences |
| Content analysis | In social science mass communications research, a method involving coding and analyzing media texts and programs |
| Copy editor | people in magazine newspaper and book publishing who attend to specific problems in writing such as style, content and length |
| Copyright | legal right of authors and producers to own and control use of their published or unpublished creative productions |
| Corporate Independents | Independent film production houses often owned by major studios, producing less mainstream, more edgy, and often award-winning movies |
| Correlations | in survey research, associations between two variables |
| Cover track | Songs recorded or performed by musicians who did not originally write or perform the music |
| CPG | Consumer Packaged Goods; typically consumable goods, including food and beverages, footwear and apparel, tobacco, and cleaning products |
| CRM | Customer Relationship Management |
| Cross-platform | in advertising, a campaign that involves TV and radio, online and outdoor, mobile and event programming, or some combination of promotional forms and types |
| CRTC | Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission |
| Cultivation effect | In media research, the idea that heavy television viewing leads individuals to perceive reality in ways that are consistent with TV portrayals |
| DBS | Direct broadcast satellite television |
| Deficit financing (TV) | In television, the process whereby a TV production company leases its programs to a network for a license fee that is actually less than the cost of production; the company hopes to recoup this loss later in rerun syndication |
| Demographic edition | National magazine edition with advertising targeted to specific audience demographic segmented according to occupation, class, and/or region |
| Demographics | in market research study of audiences and consumers segmented by age, gender, occupation, region, ethnicity, education and/or income |
| Digital divide | Socioeconomic disparity between those who do and those who do not have access to digital technology and media |
| Digital natives | Generation Y or Z ('tweens, teens, and twentysomethings) who grew up with the internet and are naturalized to online communication and digital, social, mobile communications media, devices, and services |
| Digital video | production format that is replacing celluloid film and revolutionizing film-making because camera are more portable and production costs are lower |
| Direct mail | marketing communications delivered directly to a prospective purchaser via the postal service or a private delivery company |
| Domestic comedy | TV situation comedy program wherein characters and setting are more important than complicated plots, issues or narratives. Usually focuses on interpersonal relationship issues, familial, professional, or romantic |
| e-commerce | electronic commerce or commercial activity, on the internet |
| Episodic series | Television program with main cast of characters who reappear every week, sets and locales remain consistent, featuring new adventures each week |
| Experiments | Media research method that uses scientific method to isolate some aspect of content, suggest a hypothesis, and manipulate variables in order to discover a particular medium's impact on users' attitudes, emotions, or behavior |
| f-commerce | sales conducted via Facebook |
| Fear factor advertising | Advertising strategy that seeks to affect consumers' humiliation, fear, or bodily anxiety, in order to inspire defensive purchasing |
| First blockbuster film | Jaws |
| First-run syndication | In television, the process whereby new programs are specifically produced for sale in syndication markets rather than for network television |
| Flack | A derogatory term that journalists use to refer to a public relations agent |
| Focus group | Common research method in psychographic analysis in which moderators lead small-group discussions about a product or an issue, usually with six to twelve people |
| Focus group | In market research, a method that brings together a small group of consumers to discuss the product or advertising, under the guidance of a trained interviewer |
| Four P's | Product, Price, Placement and Promotion. The basic foundational elements of traditional marketing |
| Foursquare | gamified geo-locational social networking site/service |
| Fourth Estate | The notion that the news media operate to monitor government for abuses of power |
| Fringe time | In television, the time slot either immediately before the evening prime-time schedule or immediately following the local evening news or the network late-night talk shows |
| Gamification | the use of game play mechanics (e.g. leaderboards, badges, tokens) for non-game applications, particularly consumer-oriented web and mobile sites |
| Gatekeepers | Editors, producers, and other media managers who function as message filters, making decisions about what types of messages actually get produced for particular audiences |
| General interest magazines | Types of magazines that address a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad national audience |
| Genre | Media categorization in which conventions regarding similar characters, scenes, structures, themes and other elements recur in combination |
| Gowalla | gamified geo-locational social networking site/service |
| Human interest story | News accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of the human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges |
| Hypodermic needle model | An early model in mass communication research that attempted to explain media effects by arguing that the media shoot their powerful effects directly into unsuspecting or weak audiences; sometimes called the bullet theory or direct effects model |
| IMC | integrated marketing communications |
| Indies | independent music and film production houses that work outside the industry oligopolies, often producing less mainstream cultural productions |
| Influencers | people who can influence buying habits of others |
| Infomercial | commercial that is very similar in appearance to a news program, talk show, or other non-advertising program content |
| Instant book | In the book industry, a marketing strategy that involves publishing a topical book quickly after a major event occurs |
| Interstitials | Advertisements that pop up in a screen window as a user attempts to access a new Web page |
| Lifestyle segmentation | "diving consumers into groups, based on their hobbies, interests, and other aspects of their lifestyles |
| Longitudinal survey | Term used for research studies that are conducted over long periods of time and often rely on large government and academic survey databases |
| m-commerce | sales conducted via mobile phone or tablet |
| Market position | perception of a product or an organization from the view of the consumer |
| Market share | portion of a market controlled by a particular company or product |
| Marketing metrics | measurements that help with the quantification of marketing performance, such as market share, advertising spend, and response rates elicited by advertising and direct marketing |
| m-Learning | Mobile learning using smartphones, laptops, iPods,(video)cameras, cellphones, tablets, other portable digital consumer technology for educational purposes |
| MMORPG | Massively multi-player online role-playing game |
| Newshole | The space left over in a newspaper for news content after all the ads are placed |
| Newsworthiness | The often unstated criteria that journalists use to determine which events and issues should become news reports, including timeliness, proximity, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, novelty, and deviance |
| Niche marketing | concentrating your resources and efforts on one particular segment |
| Off-network syndication | in television, the process whereby older programs that no longer run during prime time are made available for reruns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets |
| Oligopoly | in media economics, an organizational structure in which few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources |
| Open-source software | Noncommercial software, source code shared freely and developed collectively on the Internet. e.g. Linux |
| Opt-in policy | website policy requiring site to gain explicit permission from online user before personal data is collected |
| Opt-out policy | website policy enabling automatic gathering or personal data from users unless they explicitly restrict the practice |
| P2P | person-to-person or peer-to-peer |
| Page views | number of times a user requests a Web page; may indicate the number of times an ad was potentially seen, or the "gross impressions" |
| Paperback book | books made with cheap paper covers introduced in North American marker in mid-1800s |
| Paramount decision | 1948 US Supreme Court decision that ended vertical integration in the film industry by forcing the studios to divest themselves of their theaters |
| Parity products | Products which may be substituted for one another because each is the functional equivalent of the other. e.g. Colgate vs. Crest toothpaste |
| Partisan press | early form of journalism in which newspapers explicitly espoused support for the political party that subsided the paper |
| Pass-along readership | the total number of people who come into contact with a single magazine issue or book; results from practice of sharing reading materials in public spaces (e.g. wait-rooms) and between family and friends |
| Payola | unethical but not always illegal practice of record promoters paying DJs or radio programmers to favor particular songs |
| Planned obsolescence | deliberately planning or designing a product with a limited useful life, so it will become obsolete or nonfunctional after a certain period of time, requiring consumer to repurchase or upgrade |
| Point of purchase | the location where a transaction occurs e.g. electronic or physical cash register or checkout |
| Product life cycle | marketing theory in which products or brands follow a sequence of stages including: introduction, growth, maturity, and sales decline |
| Product placement | use of a product or service within a television show or film |
| PSA | Public service announcement, usually carried free by radio/TV broadcasts to promote government and community events, educational programs, voluntary and non-profit organizational initiatives or social reform |
| Psychographics | In the field of marketing, demographics, opinion research, and social research in general, psychographic variables are any attributes relating to personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles. They are also called IAO variables (for Interests, Activities, and Opinions) |
| Public sphere | those areas in social life, like the town square or coffee shop, where people come together regularly to discuss social and cultural happenings and contemporary social issues |
| QR code | Quick response (bar)code |
| Random assignment | a social science research method for assigning research subjects; ensures that every subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental group or the control group |
| reach | number of individual prospects exposed to a message |
| Rerun syndication | in television, the process whereby programs that stay in a network's lineup long enough to build up a certain number of episodes (e.g. 4) are sold, or syndicated, to hundreds of TV markets globally |
| Rockabilly | Music genre mixes bluegrass and country with black folk music and amplified blues |
| ROI | Return on investment |
| Saturation advertising | a highly intensive advertising campaign which inundates a variety of print, online, broadcast and visual media with regularly repeated/numerous ads aimed at target audiences |
| Scientific method | widely used research method that studies phenomenon in systemic stages; includes identifying the research problem, reviewing existing research, developing working hypotheses, determining appropriate research design, collecting information, analyzing results to see if the hypotheses have been verified, and interpreting the implications of the study |
| Selective exposure | Phenomenon whereby audiences seek messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs and values. |
| Selective retention | Phenomenon whereby audiences remember or retain messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs and values. |
| SEO | Search engine optimization |
| Serial Program | radio or TV program such as soap opera that features continuing storylines from day to day or week to week, for contrast see chapter show |
| Sitcom | type of comedy television series that features recurring cast and set as well as several narrative scenes; each episode establishes a situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among characters, then resolves it before the end of the episode |
| Sketch comedy | short television comedy skits, usually segments of TV variety shows, also knows as vaudeo (blending of vaudeville and video) |
| Slogan | in advertising, a catchy phrase that attempts to promote or sell a product by capturing its essence in words |
| SMB | Small to Medium Business |
| Snob appeal | an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social station |
| Social graph | network of connections that exist through which people communicate and share information, e.g. Facebook friend network, Twitter followers |
| Social learning theory | theory of mass media effects research that suggests a link between mass media and behavior |
| Space broker | in the days before modern advertising, individuals who purchased space in newspapers and sold it to various merchants |
| Spin | attempt to manipulate the depiction of news or events in the media through artful public relations |
| Spiral of silence | theory that links the mass media, social psychology, and the formation of public opinion; it proposes that people who find their views of controversial issues in the minority tend to keep these views silent |
| Split run edition | edition of a national magazine containing ads tailored to different geographic areas |
| Status goods | high-end, luxury and designer products |
| Storyboard | In advertising and film, a blueprint or roughly drawn comic-strip-like version of a proposed narrative/plot |
| Strip programming | running a syndicated television series every day of the week |
| Subsidiary rights | in the book industry, selling the rights to a book for use in other media forms, such as a mass market paperback, audiobook, or movie screenplay |
| Supermarket tabloid | newspapers that feature bizarre human interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, unexplained phenomenon stories, and malicious celebrity gossip |
| Survey research | In social science mass communications research, a method of collecting and measuring data taken from a group of respondents |
| Tag line | slogan or phrase that conveys the most important product attribute or benefit that the advertiser wishes to emphasize |
| Target market | group of individuals whom collectively, are intended recipients of an advertiser's message |
| Tech fast | taking a break from technology use |
| Telecoms | telecommunications companies |
| Telemarketing | the selling of a product or service by telephone,, |
| Telephone research | interviewing respondents by telephone for a survey |
| Textual analysis | In media research, a method for closely and critically examining and interpreting the meanings of cultural productions, including fashion, books, movies, TV programs, online sites, magazines |
| Third screen | Generally refers to handheld screens on computer tablets (e.g.. iPad) and smartphone (e.g. iPhone) mobile consumer technologies, audiences view programs and electronic information on the third screen as a complimentary supplement to the household television and the computer monitor |
| Time shifting | Process whereby TV viewers record/save shows and watch them later when it is more convenient |
| Trade book | The most visible industry segment featuring hardbound and paperback books aimed at general readers and sold at bookstores and other retail outlets |
| Trade character | People, animals, animated characters, objects, or the like that are used in advertising a brand and that come to be identified with it e.g. Ronald McDonald |
| U&G | "Uses and gratifications, a model of mass communications and media research, usually employing in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires, argues that people use the media to satisfy various emotional desires and intellectual needs |
| Upsell | prompting customers to buy upgraded products when they had intended to buy something of lower value |
| USP | unique selling proposition, a special product benefit that competitors cannot claim |
| VALS | values and lifestyles market research strategy divides consumers into types and measures psychological factors including how they think and feel about products and how they achieve or do not achieve the lifestyles to which they aspire |
| Vertical integration | in media economics, the phenomenon of controlling a mass media industry at its three essential levels: production, distribution, and exhibition; the term is most frequently used in the telecommunications and film industries |
| Viral marketing | short videos or other online content that marketers hope will quickly fain widespread attention as users share it with friends online or by word of mouth,, |
| VNR | Video news release, in public relations the visual counterparts to press releases; they pitch story ideas to the TV news media by mimicking the style of a broadcast news report |
| VOD | "video on demand, cable television technology that enables viewers to instantly order programming such as movies to be digitally delivered to their sets |
| WOM | word of mouth |
| Yellow journalism | newspaper style tor era that peaked in the 1890s emphasizing high-interest stories, sensational crime news, scandal, large headlines, and serious investigative reports that exposed corruption particularly in business or government |
| Paywall | arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site |
| Parasociality | term used by a social scientist to describe one-sided interpersonal relationships in which one party knows a great deal about the other, but the other does not |
| NFC | Near field communication |
| Paparazzi | photojournalists who specialize in candid photography of celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people |
| Polysemic | having more than one meaning; having multiple meanings |
| Crowdsourcing | the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community (a crowd), through an open call |
| Decoding | Interpreting the communicated messages and symbols and converting them into concepts and ideas |
| Monopoly | Exclusive control over a product or service, or the means of production of a product |
| famous person testimonial | advertising strategy that associates a product with the endorsement of a well-known person |
| Ghostwriter | professional writer who is paid to write books, articles, stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person |
| Minimal effects | people are not influenced by the media in general, only by the statements they perceive as important |
| HTML | hypertext markup language |
| CSR | Corporate social responsibility |
| Mulitstep flow | media effects theory hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population |
| Muckraker | Reporters who used a style of early-twentieth-century investigative journalism that emphasized a willingness to crawl around in the social muck to uncover a story |
| Mockumentary | a type of film or television show in which fictitious events are presented in documentary format |
| Movie palace | term used to refer to the large, elaborately decorated movie theaters built between the 1910s and the 1940s |
| NFB | National Film Board |
| Napster | peer-to-peer (P2P) online system, which enabled free music file-sharing |
| Oligopoly | The term for an economic situation in which a few firms dominate in an industry |
| CBC | Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |
| Mise en scene | the design aspects of a theatre or film production; literally what is "put in the scene"; everything that appears before the camera and its arrangement_composition, sets, props, actors, costumes, and lighting |
| Moral panic | a public panic over an issue deemed to be a threat to, or shocking to, the sensibilities of "proper" society and the social order |
| Invisible stereotyping | when a company disregards a certain minority group in ads. e.g. rarely seeing disabled people in commercials |
| Overshare | to offer inappropriate disclosure concerning one's personal life to others |
| Phishing | fraudulent practice of sending e-mails purporting to be from legitimate companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information, such as credit-card numbers, online |
| plain-folks pitch | advertising appeal aims at attracting the masses by using common people to advertise a product |
| Press Agent | person employed to organize advertising and publicity in the press on behalf of an organization or well-known person |
| Press release | news release, media release, press statement or video release is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media |
| Propaganda | Information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view |
| Pseudo event | event arranged or brought about merely for the sake of the publicity or entertainment value it generates |
| Third person effect | process when a person exposed to a persuasive communication in the mass media sees it as having a greater effect on others than on himself or herself |
| Trysuming | practice of brands allowing consumers to try new products, including not-yet-released models and in-store demos |
| UGM | user generated media |
| VCR | video cassette recorder |
| Xenophobia | hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers or of their politics or culture |
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