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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon you know you KNOW something but can't remember it. This is called ________. Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon Pam introduces Lynn and immediately, a visual image of a celebrity look-alike pops in her head and Pam eagerly says, "Wow, you look just like that actress Kristen Stewart!" "Oh, who is that? What movie is she from?" asks Lynn. Pam recalls the movie -- down to every detail but can't remember the tile of the movie! "Oh, what was it called? It's the one w/the vampires; she plays a teen who moves to Forks, Washington and falls in love with a vampire named Edward. Story was based on a top-selling book... jeez, I know this movie..." This is an example of _____. Recognition We remember information in 2 ways: (1) Recall (2) ______ Recall the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness. Recall Bringing LTM to STM Recall Essay tests are an example of ______ >Recall >Recognition Recognition the act of encoding an input and MATCHING it to a stored representation. Recognition multiple choice tests are an example of _______. >Recall >Recognition Cues stimuli that trigger or enhance remembering. cue A good _____ matches fragments of information stored in LTM. ex. Joe's daughter has been asking her for a themed toy for her birthday and when Joe finally goes to the toy store, he is overwhelmed with the choices and can't think of the toy. So, he thinks to himself, "Ok, think fruit... think pink... berries... strawberries... oh, yes, now I remember. It was a strawberry shortcake doll." Encoding Specificity Principle memory is better when people are given CUES that were present during learning. Playing football in the backyard is not the same as playing it in a gigantic stadium. Mike would be more likely to perform better if he practices on the stadium field. Encoding Specificity Principle We are very context sensitive. So we perform best when we learn under similar conditions. If you want to perform alone, you should train alone. If you want to work as a team, you have to practice as a team. This is an example of ___________. State Dependent Retrieval memory is better when w are in the SAME MOOD or psychological state as we were when the information was encoded. These are not powerful retrieval cues. Upset when studying for the test; be upset when taking the test. Encoding Specificity Principle Environmental cues >Encoding Specificity Principle >State Dependent Retrieval Encoding Specificity Principle Crime Scene Investigation. Officer questions the witness where they were, time of day, who was there, what they saw, etc... officer is trying to get witness to recreate a mental picture of the environment, 'scene' when the crime took place to help the witness better recall the events. >Encoding Specificity Principle >State Dependent Retrieval false memories memories of events or situations that DID NOT occur. Reality Monitoring ongoing awareness of perceptual and other properties that distinguish real from imagined stimuli. Source Amnesia a failure to remember the source of information. Can recall certain information but not where or how it was obtained. (This is forgetting information in episodic memory) false memories Information presented after the actual situation/event occurred can interfere with actual memories. People also often confuse having actually seen something w/having imagined it. This is a case where _______ was implanted.