Biology Honors - bcappelletti
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Created by:
bcappelletti on September 16, 2007
Subjects:
Description:
Chapter 2 Evolution/Ecology
Classes:
AP Biology - Peterson & Pfeifer
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 evolution | the change that occurs in organism over long periods of time |
| natural selection | mechanism of evolution; the explanation for why evolution occurs |
| ecology | how organisms live in their environment |
| Darwin's book | On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection |
| HMS Beagle | vessel Darwin sailed on |
| Galapagos Islands | place where Darwin observed the remarkable series of related but distinct forms of life |
| Charles Lyell | written by this great geologist; Principles of Geology |
| fossils; patterns of life | convinced Darwin that evolution took place |
| Thomas Malthus | Essay on the Principle of Population; Plants and animals tend to increse geometrically, while food source increase arithmetically |
| November, 1859 | publication of Darwin's book |
| Alfred Wallace | influenced Darwin to publish his book |
| Played a key role in Darwin's argument for evolution by natural selection | Galapagos finches |
| Peter and Rosemary Grant | studied beak shape; found that it did change from year to year |
| ground finches | six species; feed on seeds; bill size related to size of seeds eaten |
| tree finches | 5 species; insect - consumers; 4 species have bills suitable for eeding on insects; one carries a twig/cactus spine to probe for insects |
| vegetarian finches | heavy bill |
| warbler finches | same ecological role on Galapagos as on the mainland |
| levels of ecological organization | groups of organisms at progressive levels |
| population | individuals of the same species lving together |
| community | populations of different species that live together in the same place |
| ecosystem | the interaction of a community and the physical environmental factors |
| biomes | major terrestrial assemblages of plants, animals, and microorganisms that occur over a wide geographical areas that have distinct physical characteristics |
| Biosphere | all the world's biomes, along with the marine and freshwater assemblages |
| food chain | the flow of energy throughan ecosystemfrom plant to herbivore to carnivore |
| niche | the sum total of all the ways organisms use the resources of its environment |
| resource partitioning | species living in the same geographic area avoid competition by occupying different portions of the habitat, or by consuming different food or other resources |
| character displacements | the changes that evolve in two species to reduce niche overlap- to lessen the degree to which organisms compete for the same resources |
| innate capacity | the rate at which a population will grow when no limits on its rate of growth |
| realize rate of population increase (r) | the number of individuals added to the population minus the number lost from it |
| immigrants | number of individuals added to a population (new inidividuals entering and residing with a population) |
| emigrants | individuals leaving a population |
| r=(birth + immigration) - (death + emigration) | equation forr the realize rate of population equals the number of individuals added to a population minus the number of individuals leaving a population |
| population growth rate (rN) | r is the realized rate of population and N is the number of individuals in the population |
| exponential growth | number of individuals at first grows rapidly; graph represents J curve |
| carrying capacity (K) | the number of individuals that can be supported at tht place indefinitely |
| logistic growth equation | population growth rate = rN(K-N/K) |
| sigmoid growth curve | a period of exponential growth; population approaches its environmental limits, growth slows and finally stabilizes, fluctuating around the carrying capacity of the environment |
| life history strategy | adaptations thta adjusts an organism's reproductive rate to its environment |
| r - selective adaptations | large number of offspring, no parental care, rapid growth, short life span |
| K-selective adaptations | few offspring, prolonged parental care, slow growth and maturation, long life span |
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