AP World Ch. 9: Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600 - 1200
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goveganplease on July 19, 2011
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14 terms
Math / Symbols | English |
|---|---|
 Charlemagne | from Latin Carolus magnus, "Charles the Great"; 1st in western Europe to bear title "emperor" in 300+ yrs.; his rise marked a shift of focus for Europe - away from the Mediterranean & toward north & west |
| medieval | literally "middle age"; era in which Irish monks preaching in Latin became important intellectual influences in some parts of Europe, while memory of Greek & Roman philosophy faded; urban life continued the decline that began in the later days of the Roman Empire; comes between era of Greco-Roman civilization & intellectual, artistic, & economic changes of Renaissance in 14th cent |
| Byzantine Empire | what the Eastern Roman Empire was called after the 7th cent.; known to Muslims as Rum; ppl in this empire maintained & reinterpreted Roman traditions; centuries-long conflict w/ Islam helped spur crusading that overtook western Europe in 11th century; inherited robust (strong) & self-confident late Roman society & economy; by 1200, showing signs of weakness & decline; 600 - 1200; emperors est. Christianity as official religion & represented continuation of Roman imperial rule - inherited imperial law intact; 634 - 650: Arab armies destroyed Sasanid Empire & captured _______ Egypt, Syria, & Tunisia; by end of 12th cent. some 2/3 of Christians in former _____ territories had adopted Islam; recovered & reorganized militarily by 10th cent. but never regained lost lands; western European crusaders est. short-lived Christian principalities @ eastern end of Mediterranean Sea in 11th cent., but ppl in the _____ found them hostile; succumbed to Muslim conquest in 1453; following wave of Germanic migrations, Slavic & Turkic ppls appeared on northern frontiers as part of centuries-long & poorly understood population migrations in Eurasian steppe lands; other Turks led by Seljuk family became primary enemy in south; during 6th cent. epidemic of bubonic plague known as "the plague of Justinian", named after emperor who ruled 527 - 565; another social transformation in 7th cent. b/c of epidemics & loss of Egypt & Syria to Muslims - popular narratives of saint's lives show transition from stories about educated saints hailing from cities to stories about saints who originated as peasants, barter replaced money transactions, some cities declined in population & wealth, traditional class of local urban notables nearly disappeared; importance of high-ranking aristocrats @ imperial court & of rural landowners increased; power organized by family began to rival power from class-based officeholding; Alexius Comnenus (r. 1081 - 1118) "considered himself not a ruler, but a lord, conceiving & calling the empire his own house"; after 7th cent. women were more confined to home & when they went out, they concealed their faces behind veils & only men they socialized w/ were family; 1028 - 1056 women ruled alongside husbands; continued Late Roman inclination to set prices, organize grain shipments to capital, & monopolize trade in luxury goods like Tyrian purple cloth; farmers continued to use slow oxcarts & light scratch plows, which were efficient for many, but not all, soil types, long after farmers in western Europe had begun to adopt more efficient techniques; an 11th cent. French visitor wrote: "The city itself [Constantinople] is squalid & fetid & in many places harmed by permanent darkness, for the wealthy overshadow the streets w/ buildings & leave these dirty, dark places to the poor & to travelers; there murderers & robberies & other crimes which love the darkness are committed. Moreover, since people live lawlessly in this city, which has as many lords as rich men & almost as many thieves as poor men, a criminal knows neither fear nor shame, because crime is not punished by law & never entirely comes to light. In every respect she exceeds moderation; for, just as she surpasses other cities in wealth, so too, does she surpass them in vice." A ________ contemporary, Anna Comnena, brilliant daughter of Emperor Alexius Comnenus scornfully (contemptuously) described prominent (well-known) churchman & philosopher who was from Italy: "Italos...was unable w/ his barbaric, stupid temperament to grasp the profound truths of philosophy; even in the act of learning he utterly rejected the teacher's guiding hand, & full of temerity (reckless boldness) & barbaric (uncivilized) folly (wickedness) [believed] even before study that he excelled all others; greatest architectural monument, Constantinople's Hagia Sophia ("Sacred Wisdom") cathedral, which dates to reign of Justinian; religious art: stiff but arresting images of holy figures against gold backgrounds, strongly influenced painting in western Europe to 13th cent. & musical traditions affected chanting employed in medieval Latin churches; in 9th cent. brothers Cyril & Methodius went on highly successful mission to Slavs of Moravia (part of modern Czech Republic) - preached in local language & followers perfected writing system, called Cyrillic, that came to be used by Slavic Christians adhering to Orthodox (Byzantine) rite - careers mark beginning of competition between Greek & Latin forms of Christianity for allegiance of Slavs, shown in the use today of the Cryllic alphabet among the Russians & other Slavic peoples of Orthodox Christian faith & of the Roman alphabet among the Poles, Czechs, & Croatians |
| Kievan Russia | the authority of the Byzantine emperors blended w/ the influence of the Christian church to form a cultural synthesis that helped shape the emerging kingdom of ________ |
| schism | occured formally in 1054 between Latin church & Orthodox Church; partially mended; due to patriarchs of Constantinople challenging territorial jurisdiction of popes of Rome & some of practices of Latin Church |
| fief | grant of land in return for pledge to provide military service; at first kings granted ______ to noble followers; by tenth century, most ____ could be inherited as long as specified military service continued to be provided |
| vassals | king's noble followers; could hold land from several different lords & owe loyalty to each one; allegiance that a ______ owed to 1 lord could entail (involve) military service to that lord's master in time of need; held & administered lands not directly owned by king or count, often greater portion, in return for military service & granted land to own vassals |
| papacy | office of pope; became more powerful int'l office after 10th cent. |
| Holy Roman Empire | a loose confederation of German princes who named one of their own to the highest office; had little influence west of Rhine River; pope crowned emperors |
| investiture controversy | medieval struggle between church & lay lords to control ecclesiastical (churchly) appointments; broad conflict of popes versus emperors & kings |
| Monasticism | origins lay in eastern lands of Roman Empire; Pre-Christian practices such as celibacy, continual devotion to prayer, & living apart from society (alone or in small groups) came together in Christian form in Egypt; most important form in western Europe involved groups of monks or nuns living together in organized communities; person most responsible for introducing originally Egyptian practice in Latin west was Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480 - 547) in Italy - began pious career as hermit in cave but eventually organized monasteries, each headed by abbot; in 7th cent. monasteries based on model spread beyond Italy; Rule Benedict - balanced life of devotion & work w/ obligations of celibacy, poverty, & obedience to abbot - starting point for most forms of western European monastic life & remains in force today in Benedictine monasteries; those who lived by this or other monastic rules became regular clergy; follow Jesus' axiom (self-evident truth that requires no proof) to "render unto Caesar what is Caesar's & unto God's what is God's"; preserve literacy & learning in early medieval period, although Charlemagne encouraged scholarship @ court; monks (not nuns) saw copying manuscripts & writing books as religious calling - scribes preserved many ancient Latin works (didn't impact survival of Greek works as much); Irish monks planted Christianity in parts of Germany by servicing needs of travelers, organizing agricultural production on their lands, & taking in infants abandoned by their parents; covenants provided refuge for widows & other women who lacked male protection or who desired a spiritual life; presented problems of oversight of church - bishop might have authority over abbot or abbess (head of convent), but couldn't exercise constant vigilance over what went on behind monastery walls; failure to maintain discipline led to growth of reform movement centered on Benedictine abbey of Cluny in eastern France - founded in 910 by William the Pious, 1st duke of Aquitaine, who completely freed of it lay authority; Cluny gained similar freedom from local bishop century later - abbots pursued vigorous campaign, eventually in alliance w/ popes like Gregory VII to improve discipline & administration; new abbey church symbolized Cluny's claims to eminence (high rank) & later additions became the largest church in the world; at Cluny's peak, almost 1,000 Benedictine abbeys & priories (lower-level monastic houses) in many countries accepted authority of abbot; Benedictine rule presumed that each monastery would be independent; Clunaic reformers stipulated that every abbot & every prior (head of priory) be appointed by abbot of Cluny & have personal experience of religious life of Cluny; reform gained new impetus (force) in 2nd 1/2 of 12th cent. w/ rapid rise of Cistercian order, which emphasized life of asceticism & poverty |
| horse collar | moves point of traction from animal's throat to its shoulders to prevent strangulation (strangling the horse); 1st appeared around 800 in miniature painting; shown clearly as harness for plow horses in Bayeux Tapestry, embroidered after 1066 |
| Crusades | series of religiously inspired Christian military campaigns against Muslims in eastern Mediterranean that dominated politics of Europe from 1095 to 1204; 4 expeditions (last one was redirected against Byzantines & resulted in Latin capture of Constantinople - region's largest military undertakings since fall of Rome; western European noble courts & burgeoning (flourishing) cities consuming more goods from east; word for _____, taken from Latin crux for "cross," was 1st used in Spain **********Roots: ~reforming leaders of Latin church, wanting to soften the warlike tone of society, popularized Truce of God - limited fighting between Christian lords by specifying times of truce, such as during Lent (40 days before Easter) & on Sundays ~Norman cheiftains who invaded England & Sicily were looking for new lands to conquer; nobles (younger sons in areas where oldest son inherited everything) hungry for land & titles to maintain status ~Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in eastern Mediterranean & get trading posts in Muslim territory ~knights who followed popular pilgrimage route across northern Spain to pray @ shrine of Santiago de Compostela learned of expanding efforts of Christian kings to remove Muslims; stories also circulated of war conducted by seafaring Normans against Muslims in Sicily, whom they finally defeated in 1090s after 30 yrs. of fighting -Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus had broken up in 11th cent. ∴ smaller successor states prey - beginning of movement of reconquest that culminated in 1492 w/ surrender of last Muslim kingdom ~Muslims had controlled Jerusalem, Antioch, & Alexandria since 7th cent. generally tolerated & protected Chrisian pilgrims, but after 1071, when a Seljuk army defeated the Byzantine emperor @ Battle of Mazikert, Turkish nomads spread & security along pilgrimage route through Anatolia deteriorated further; decline of Byzantine power threatened ancient centers of Christianity, such as Ephesus in Anatolia ~Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus asked pope & western European rulers to help him confront Muslim threa & reconquer Holy Land (Palestine & Syria) ~Pope Urban II said, @ Council of Clermont in 1095, to a crowd of people in a field, to stop fighting one another (as Christians) & go to the Holy Land to fight Muslims - "God wills it!" crowd responded; ppl cut cloth into crosses & sewed them on their shirts to symbolize willingness to march on Jerusalem, beginning "First ______"; contemporaries used work "peregrinatio" - pilgrimage; Pope Urban II promised to free ppl who participated in the _____ who had comitted sins from normal penance, or acts of atonement (usual reward for peaceful pilgrims to Jerusalem); "First ____" captured Jerusalem in 1099 & est. 4 crusader principalities (most important was Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem); Muslim forces retook Jerusalem in 1187; 4th Crusade in 1204 - ardor (enthusiasm) has so diminished that commanders agreed, at urging of Venetians, to sack Constantinople 1st to help pay cost of transporting army by ship **********Effects: ~Europeans learned how to manufacture pasta, paper, refined sugar, colored glass, & other former imports ~Arabic translations of & commentaries on Greek philosophical & scientific works & important works by Arabs & Iranians provided stimulus to European thought -some works brought directly into Latin world through conquests of Sicily, parts of Spain & Holy Land, & Constantinople (for Greek texts); others were rendered (translated) into Latin by translators who worked in parts of Spain that continued under Muslim rule - works transformed world of western Europeans, who previously had had little familiarity w/ Greek writings; works of Aristotle & Muslim commentaries on them were important to theologians; Muslim writers like Avicenna (980 - 1037) were important in medicine; Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122?-1204) accompanied hubby, King Louis VII of France on 2nd Crusade (1147 - 1149) - court life of uncle Raymond, ruler of crusader principality of Antioch appealed to her; after her return to France, a lack of male offspring led to annulment (cancellation) of marriage w/ Louis & she married Henry of Anjou in 1151 - he inherited throne of England as Henry II 3 yrs. later; Eleanor's sons Richard Lion-Heart (famed as chivalrous [courageous, courteous, loyal] foe of Saladin during 3rd Crusade (1189 - 1192) & John rebelled against dad but succeeded as kings of England; Eleanor maintained Aquitaine (duchy in southern France); troubadors who enjoyed her made her court a center for new music based on idea of "courtly love"; some troubador melodies show influence of contemporary Muslim Spain poetry styles; favorite troubador instrument was lute (guitar-like instrument w/ bulging shape whose design & name [Arabic alud] come from Muslim Spain) |
| pilgrimages | western Europeans could take ______ under royal protection - some western Europeans were tramps, thieves, beggars, peddlers, & merchants for whom ______ was a safe way of traveling |
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