1.
85% of aniline derivatives are used to make what?: Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) which is used to make POLYURETHANE.
2.
95% of pulmonary emboli arise from what?: Deep leg veins.
3.
A lymphocyte becomes what in tissue?: Plasma cells.
4.
A primary intention wound is closed how?: By sutures, staples or adhesive.
5.
A proto-oncogene transformes into an oncogene by going through what 4 steps?: 1. point mutation. 2. Gene amplification. 3. Chromosomal rearrangement. 4. Insertion of viral oncogene.
6.
A venous thrombosis is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what type of cancer?: pancreatic
7.
A white infarct is typical of what?: Arterial occlusion in solid organs with single blood supply.
8.
Activated macrohages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation areas lead to what?: Production of growth factors, cytokines.
9.
Activated macrohages and lymphocytes in chronic inflammation do what to MMP's?: They decrease their activity.
10.
Activation of the complement system by different pathways leads to cleavage of what?: C3.
11.
Activation of the complement system leads to what?: formation of biologically active fragments, intermediate complexes, and terminal membrane attack complexes.
12.
Active hyperemia is what?: Dialation of arterioles like when blushing, exercise, inflammation.
13.
Aerobic respiration gives us how much ATP?: 36 atp
14.
Alfatoxins come from what?: Mold.
15.
Alfatoxins mode of action to cause cancer is what?: Ingestion/metabolism.
16.
Amniotic fluid emboli can lead to what?: DIC, especially postpartum.
17.
An oncogene has gained what?: function and becomes a cancer-inducing agent.
18.
Angiogenesis by mobilizatin of ____ from the bone marrow.: EPCs.
19.
Arachidonic acid is derived from what?: Phospholipids through the action of phospholipases.
20.
arterial thrombi causes what?: atherosclerosis when attached to the walls.
21.
Basophils are what in tissues?: Mast cells.
22.
Basophils do what?: releasing histamines in response to allergic and antigen responses.
23.
Besides pulling Ca2+ out of the body what else will EDTA pull out of the body?: Heavy metals.
24.
Bradykinin has a similar action as what?: Histamine.
25.
Bradykinin induces what?: Pain.
26.
Breast carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: BRCA1
27.
Breast carcinoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: BRCA2
28.
Can normal cells grow in soft agar and roller bottles?: No, but cancer cells can.
29.
Cancers often metasis to what 4 areas?: liver, lung, brain, bone.
30.
Capillary hemorrhage does what to venous pressure?: increases it.
31.
Carcinoma implies what?: Epithelial origin but malignant
32.
Cardiac hemorrhage is often what?: Fatal.
33.
Caseous necrosis occurs where?: It is seen in tuberculosis infections.
34.
Cell anoxia leads to what?: Shock and edema
35.
Cells get injured due to what 2 types of deprivation?: 1. Hypoxia- inadequate oxygenation. 2. Ischemia- loss of blood supply.
36.
Cells with both reversible and irreversible damage have swollen mitochondria, but what is the difference in cells with irreversible damage?: They have vacuolization which is a Ca 2+ influx.
37.
Chemical carcinogens are absorbed in what form?: Procarcinogen.
38.
Chronic inflammation heals how?: Fibrosis.
39.
Chronic inflammation is inflammation that lasts for how long?: Longer than 1 month.
40.
Chronic inflammation of the lungs shows what 3 histological characteristics?: 1. Collection of chronic inflammatory cells. 2. Destruction of parenchyma. 3. Replacement by connective tissue.
41.
Chronic passive congestion of lungs leads to what?: edema and RBC extravasation into alveoli.
42.
Chronic passive congestion of the lungs is accompanied by what?: Anoxia (low oxygen in blood), and pulmonary fibrosis.
43.
Coag. necrosis is stimulated by what?: Hypoxia and toxins.
44.
Coagulative necrosis happens with necrosis to what areas?: Heart, liver, and kidney.
45.
Coagulative necrosis is a result of what?: Protein denaturation.
46.
Colon cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: DCC
47.
Deaths from lung cancer is on the rise or fall for males and females.: Plateaued in males and is rising for females.
48.
Decreased blood to tissues leads to what?: Cell anoxia.
49.
Decreased cardiac output leads to what?: Decreased blood to tissues.
50.
Deep venous thrombosis can lead to what?: Pulmonary embolism
51.
Deep venous thrombosis is predisposed by Virchow's triad which is what 3 things?: 1. Stasis. 2. Hypercoagulability. 3. endothelial damage.
52.
Do cancer cells need growth factors?: No because they are dependent on autocrine stimulation.
53.
Dysplasia is always what?: pre-cancerous.
54.
Dystrophic calcification deposition occurs where?: Only locally in dying tissue.
55.
Dystrophic calcification effects arteries and hearts how?: Arteries- atherosclerosis, heart- damaged heart valves.
56.
Dystrophic calcifications happens under what serum levels of calcium?: Under normal serum calcium levels.
57.
Elephantiasis is caused by what?: Lymph blockage from a parasite.
58.
Endothelial cells normaly have what?: Antithrombotic properties.
59.
Endothelial damage uses which coagulation factor pathway?: Intrinsic.
60.
Eosinophils do what?: They work with parasite and allergic responses.
61.
EPC's from the bone marrow migrate to where?: Site of injury or tumor growth.
62.
Epithelial tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?: Benign- use terms like adenoma and papilloma. Malignant- use terms like carcinoma.
63.
Epstein-Barr virus can be what type of carcinogen?: Burkett's lymphoma, nasopharangeal.
64.
Exudate edema is due to what?: Lymphatic obstruction.
65.
Exudate is rich in what?: Protein and blood cells.
66.
Factor XII is aka?: Hageman factor.
67.
Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (intestine) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: APC.
68.
Fat necrosis occurs where?: In the pancreas
69.
Fibrinous pericarditis is a pathologic inflammation that does what?: Deposits fibrin in pericardium.
70.
For males and females what cancers have the highest mortality rate?: Males- 1. Lung. 2. Prostatic. 3. Pancrease. Females- 1. Lung. 2. Breast. 3. Pancrease.
71.
Free radical injury is induced through what?: membrane lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA breakage.
72.
Gangrenous necrosis is associated with what area?: Limbs and GI tract.
73.
Gangrenous necrosis is usually a limb with loss of blood and what?: Coagulation necrosis.
74.
Give 2 examples of endogenous metabolites without using hemosiderin?: 1. Lipids. 2. Pigment from tattoos.
75.
Give an example of a direct toxin?: Heavey metals like mercury.
76.
Give an example of a genetic derangement that causes cell injury?: Sickle cell anemia.
77.
Give an example of a pathologic pathway that could lead to apoptosis?: Injurious stimuli like radiation or hypoxia.
78.
Give an example of an Indirect toxin?: CCl4 it is metabolized in the liver to CCl3 and this is more toxic.
79.
Glutothione is stored mostly where to do what?: Stored in the retina to protect against all redox reactions.
80.
Glycogen accumulations have Numbers like GSD type I-V and these are associated with an enzyme deficiency and a type of disease for the next five questions give the enzyme deficiency and type of disease for the numbers given.: OK
81.
Granuloma is seen in what?: Tuberculosis.
82.
Growth factors cytokines in a chronic inflammation lead to what?: Increased collagen synthesis.
83.
GSD Type I?: Glucose-6-phosphatase, Von gierke's disease.
84.
GSD Type II?: acid maltase, Pompe's disease.
85.
GSD Type III?: Glycogen debrancher, cori's disease or Forbe's disease
86.
GSD Type IV?: Glycogen branching enzyme, Andersen disease.
87.
GSD Type V?: Muscle glycogen phosphorylase, McArdle disease.
88.
heart failure leads to what?: Decreased cardiac output.
89.
Heart problems will show edema where?: lower extremitiesm or back if supine.
90.
Hemosiderin is what?: A accumulation of Iron from RBC and it is considered an endogenous intracellular accumulation of a golden-brown pigment.
91.
Hepatitis B and C viruses are what type of carcinogen?: Liver.
92.
Histamine is released from what 2 cells?: Platelets and mast cells.
93.
Histologicaly what will coag. necrosis look like?: cellular swelling, organelle disruption.
94.
How are free radicals degraded?: Through enzymes, spontaneous decay, and antioxidants.
95.
How are macrophages activated?: by cytokines from immune-activated T cells. Or by nonimmunologic stimuli such as endotoxin.
96.
How are psammoma bodies seen?: with a microscope.
97.
How can a virus cause cancer in DNA?: It integrates in the DNA.
98.
How can an activated macrophage lead to tissue injury?: from toxic oxygen metabolites, proteases, neutrophil chemotactic factors.
99.
How can we get cancer from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and what type of cancer will it cause?: Inhalation- Carcinoma of lungs, Skin contact- Skin cancer, Metabolic- Liver cancer.
100.
How is extra fluid from edema drained when inflammation is healed by resolution?: Into lymphatics or by pinocytosis into macrophages.
101.
How is NO (nitric oxide) produced?: By 2 synthase enzymes.
102.
How is the complement system activated?: Through classical or alternative pathways.
103.
How long will a tertiary intention scar be left open?: 4-5 days.
104.
How long will histamine action last and why?: Short action because it is inactivated by histaminase.
105.
How many alleles need to be damaged for a gene to become an oncogene?: only 1.
106.
How many normal chromosomes do we have?: 23 pairs.
107.
How many tumor grading levels are there?: I, II, III.
108.
How many tumor overall stage groups are there?: 0, I, II, III, IV.
109.
How much blood can we lose and be ok?: Less than 500 ml
110.
How much blood loss is lethal?: 1500 ml or more.
111.
How much fluid is taken in a day?: 2.5 liters.
112.
How much fluiid is let out in a day and how?: 2.5 liters. 0.1 in stool, 0.9 in respiration/sweat, 1.5 in urine.
113.
How will endothelia cells help with coagulation if they have antithromboit proterties?: IL-1 and TNF activate them and ehy lose their negative charge and antithrombitic properties.
114.
How will heavy metals like mercury be toxic to cells?: It disrupts the S-S bonds.
115.
How will large tumors get new blood supply?: They release chemotaxic factors that induce angiogenesis.
116.
How will the MYC oncogene be activated in Burkitt's lymphoma?: 8 switches with 14.
117.
Human papilloma virus aka HPV is what and what are the 2 types?: Invasive cervical carcinoma types 16, 18.
118.
Hydrostatic pressure causes edema and is caused by what 2 things?: hypertension, heart failure (increased venous backpressure).
119.
Hypercalcemia is a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by what types of cancers?: squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, breast, renal
120.
Hyperemia is what?: Excess blood flow.
121.
Hypertrophy is often combined with what?: Hyperplasia (abnormal multiplication of cells).
122.
Hypervolemic causes edema and is due to what?: Na and H2O retention.
123.
Hypotrophy is what and it is AKA?: A wasting of tissues, organs, or entire body. Aka atrophy.
124.
In general arachidonic acid derivatives do what?: Inflammation.
125.
Increased Calcitonin leads to what?: decreased serum calcium and increased bone calcium.
126.
Increased collagen synthesis in a chronic inflammation leads to what?: Fibrosis.
127.
Increased PTH leads to what?: Increased serum calcium.
128.
Intramural thrombi of the heart causes what?: overlying Myocardial infarct.
129.
Is a neoplasia always a tumor?: No.
130.
Is fat necrosis a typical necrosis pattern?: No.
131.
Joint swelling in rheumatoid arthritis is what type of inflammation?: Serous inflammation.
132.
Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with what?: HIV/aids, herpsesvirus.
133.
Kidney problems will show edema where?: Diffuse edema.
134.
Leukemias and lymphomas cause what type of paraneoplastic syndrome?: gout, urate nephropathy.
135.
Leukocytes can phagocytosis particles as they bind to what surface binding proteins?: Fc C3b.
136.
Liquefactive necrosis happens where?: Brain.
137.
Liquefactive necrosis is a result of what?: Enzymatic digestion.
138.
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of what 2 things?: 1. Bacterial infection. 2. CNS stroke.
139.
List the tumors that metasis to the liver in order of highest to lowest?: colon, stomach, pancrease, breast, lung.
140.
Liver problems will show edema where?: ascites (fluid in peritoneal cavity).
141.
Long term TNF production leads to what?: Cachexia- waisting.
142.
Loss of blood, myocardial or valvular disease, or vasodilation leads to what?: Heart failure
143.
Loss of fluid from circulation lead to what type of shock?: Hypovolemic shock.
144.
Loss of peripheral vascular tone leads to what type of shock?: Hypotensive shock.
145.
Low blood pressure leads to what type of edema?: Pulmonary edema.
146.
Lymphocytes work during what?: Chronic inflamation.
147.
Lysis of the thrombus is called?: reperfusion.
148.
M or metastases of tumors is ranked how?: 0-1. 1 if present and 0 if not present.
149.
Melanoma is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: p16
150.
Mesenchymal tumors are named how (both benign and malignant?: Benign- use cell of origin + oma. Malignant- cell of origin + sarcoma
151.
Metastatic calcifcation deposits calcium where?: IN otherwise normal tissues.
152.
Metastatic calcification is usually due to what?: Secondary hypercalcemia.
153.
Metastatic calcification principally affects what?: Interstitial tissue of the vasculature, kidneys, lungs, gastric mucosa.
154.
Mitochondrial damage that causes cell injury is due to what?: Increased Ca2+, oxidative stress, activated phospholiapase A2.
155.
MMP's are dependent on what?: Zinc.
156.
Monocytes do what are? What are they called in tissues?: They present pathogens parts to T cells, and they are called macrophages in tissue.
157.
Most surgical wounds heal by which intention?: Primary inention healing.
158.
N or presence of lymph node metastases is ranked how?: 0-4.
159.
Name 2 of the best tumor suppressor genes?: p53, retinoblastoma gene (rb-1).
160.
Name 2 types of endogenous causes of cancer?: 1. Oncogenes. 2. Tumor suppressor genes.
161.
Name 3 skin types of serous inflammation?: viral infection like herpesvirus, excyma, skin burn.
162.
Name 3 types of oxygen radicals?: 1. Hydrogen peroxide. 2. Superoxide. 3. Hydroxyl radical.
163.
Name 4 pathogenesis of edema?: 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure. 2. Increased wall permeability. 3. decreased oncotic pressure. 4. Lymphatic obstruction.
164.
Name 4 types of embolisms?: thromboemboli, liquid emboli, gaseous emboli, solid particle emboli.
165.
Name 5 major chemical carcinogens?: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines, steroid hormones, metals and inorganic compounds.
166.
Name 5 types of hereditary cancers?: 1. Neurofibromatosis type I. 2. Familial adenomatous polyposis coli. 3. Wilms tumor. 4. skin tumors in xeroderma pigmentosum. 5. Chromosomal fragility syndromes.
167.
Name 6 origins for arterial thromboemboli/: brain infarct, kidney, spleen, Intestinal, ventricular, extremity infarct.
168.
Name a type of biologic exogenous cause of cancer?: Virus.
169.
Name the 3 body fluid compartments?: intracellular, interstitial, intravascular.
170.
Name the 3 origins of venous thromboemboli?: saddle, lung, venous thrombi.
171.
Name the liver (the other would be cellular) derived chemical mediators of inflammation?: kinin system which is bradykinin, coagulation/ fibrionlysis system, anaphylatoxins, membrane attack complex.
172.
Neutrophil does what with inflammation and turns into what?: It is the first responder that works on bacterial or fungal infections and deaths turns them into pus.
173.
Normal arteriol blood pressure is 32 mmHg what will it be during acute inflammation?: 50 mm Hg.
174.
Obstructions that cause edema are usually caused by what?: Tumors or chronic inflammation, also parasites like filaria which causes elephantiasis.
175.
Occlusion of the lumen from a thrombi is called what?: Infarct.
176.
Oncotic pressure when low causes edema and is caused by what?: decreased protein synthesis, proteinuria (loss of proteins in urine).
177.
p53 protets against what type of tumor?: Numerous like brest and colon.
178.
pancreatic cancer is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: DPC
179.
Parenchymal cell death with deep wounds leads to what?: Healing- scar formation organizatin of exudate.
180.
Parenchymal cell death with superficial wounds leads to what?: Regeneration- restitution of normal structure.
181.
Passive hyperemia is associated with what?: hydrosatic edema, cyanosis, and heart failure.
182.
Passive hyperemia is what?: Venous backpressure
183.
Production of microbicidal reactive oxygen intermediates happens where?: Within phagocytic vesicles.
184.
Psammoma bodies are seen with several cancers and appear as what?: Laminated, concentricm calcific spherules.
185.
psammoma bodies are though to arise from what?: infarction and calcification of papillae tips. And calcification of intralymphatic tumor thrombi.
186.
Psammos means what?: Sand
187.
Pulmonary embolus clinically present with what?: Chest pain, tachypnea, dyspnea.
188.
Pump failure leads to what type of shock?: Cardiogenic shock.
189.
Recanalization of a thrombus leads to what?: reestablished blood flow.
190.
Red infarct is typical of what?: Venous obstruction like intestines and testies twisting.
191.
Regeneration of renewing tissue is done how?: Regrowing.
192.
Regeneration of stable tissue is done how?: Compensatory growth.
193.
Reperfusion after anoxia (an abnormally low amount of oxygen in the body tissues) induces what?: Free radical production.
194.
Retinoblastoma gene protects against what?: eye cancer.
195.
Sarcoma implies what?: It is of mesenchymal origin but malignant.
196.
sarcoma looks like what?: Flesh-like appearance.
197.
Seeding surfaces of body cavities is a direct seeding and what is the problem?: There is no plain of resistance to spreading.
198.
Serous inflammation is what type>: A pathological form of inflammation.
199.
Shock leads to what?: Coma, renal failure, lung failure, death, gi bleeding.
200.
Skin hemorrhages are what?: Bruises
201.
Slow chronic hemorrhage leads to what?: Iron deficiency anemia.
202.
Some cancers do what under the influence of immune factors?: Involute spontaneously.
203.
Speaking of viral carcinogens what is insertion?: Slow transforming oncogenic RNA viruses; insert into the genome and activate a latent cellular oncogene, which is then capable of transforming the normal cell into a malignant cell.
204.
Speaking of viral carcinogens what is transduction?: acute transforming RNA viruses in the form of cellular oncogenes.
205.
Steatosis can be caused by what?: Alcohol abuse, toxins, protein malnutrition, Diaetes M., Obesity, and anorexia.
206.
Stimulus from chronic inflammation activates what?: Macrophages and lymphocytes.
207.
Teratoma is the benign form what is the malignant form?: Teratocarcinoma.
208.
The 4 plasma mediator systems are triggered by what?: Activation of factor XII aka hageman factor.
209.
The classical and alternative complement pathways converge into what?: C3 cleavage.
210.
The complement system is a group of what?: plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in an inactive form.
211.
The cyclooxygenase is aka?: Cox pathways.
212.
The difference between normal and malignant cells is mostly what?: Quantitative.
213.
The FAS ligand brings what together in close proximity?: Several FAS death domains.
214.
The fate of infarcts depends on what?: Their anatomical site, type of cells forming the tissue, circulatory status , extent of necrosis.
215.
The functions of the complement system are mediated by breakdown of what?: C3 and other complement proteins, and by membrane attack complex.
216.
The granulation tissue phase of the healing process takes place when?: 0.3 days until 10 days.
217.
The granuloma consists of what?: Lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells.
218.
The inflammation phase of wound healing lasts how long?: 3 days.
219.
The normal venous blood pressure is 25 mm Hg what will it be during acute inflammation?: 30 mm Hg.
220.
The P-450 detoxes what?: Barbiturate.
221.
The T or size of the tumor is ranked how?: 0-4.
222.
The wound contraction phase of the healing process takes place when?: 3 days to 30 days.
223.
Thrombin induces inflammation how?: By binding to protease-activated receptors on platelets, endothelium, smooth muscle, and other cells.
224.
Thrombosis forms what?: A thrombus.
225.
Thrombosis is what?: Clotting.
226.
Thrombosis takes place how?: transformation of fluid blood into a solid aggregate encompassin gRBCs and fibrin.
227.
Tissue damage uses which coagulation factr pathway?: Extrinsic.
228.
TNF and IL-1 do what to endothelial cells?: Increase leukocyte adherence, increase PGI synthesis, Increse procoagulant activity, decrease anticoagulant activity, increase IL-1, Il-8, IL-6,PDGF.
229.
TNF and IL-1 do what to fibroblasts?: Increase proliferation, increase collagen synthesis, increase collagenase, increase protease, increase PGE synthsis.
230.
TNF and IL-1 do what to leukocytes?: Increse cytokine secretion (IL-1, IL-6).
231.
TNF and IL-1 will do what during acute inflammation?: fever, increased sleep, decreased appatite, increase acute-phase proteins, hemodynamic affects (shock), neutrophilia (increase neutorphils).
232.
TNF does what?: Activates white blood cells.
233.
Transduciton systems require what?: Cell-surface receptors.
234.
Transduction system that has tyrosine kinase receptors bind to what?: Growth factor.
235.
Transudate contains less proteins and fewer cells and is typical of what?: Hydrostatic or osmotic pressure pathology.
236.
Transudate edema has a specific gravity higher or lower than 1.012?: Lower.
237.
Transudate edema is due to what?: Increased hydrostatic pressure, incresed oncotic pressure, Na retention.
238.
Transudate is what?: An ultra-filtrate of plasma fluid.
239.
Tumor antigens may be used for what?: as tumor markers.
240.
Tumor cells may acquire embryonic/fetal features due to what?: tumor cell regression.
241.
Tumor Grade I is what?: well differentiated.
242.
Tumor grade II is what?: Moderately well differentiated.
243.
Tumor grade III is what?: Undifferentiated.
244.
Tumor grades are based on what?: Histologic examination.
245.
Tumor staging is based on what?: Clinical assessment during GROSS examination as to the extent of SPREAD.
246.
Tumor staging using the TNM system will accounts for what?: T- size of the tumor. N- presence of lymph Node metastases. M- Distant metastases.
247.
Tumor vaccines are used for treatment of what type of carcinomas?: Melanoma and renal cells.
248.
Tumors can get up to how big before they need a new blood supply?: 10mm.
249.
Under a microscope what will intracellular accumulations of Cholesterol and cholesterol esters look like?: Foamy appearance.
250.
Unrepaired DNA that was damaged by UV light can cause what?: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.
251.
Valvular thrombi of the heart causes what?: mimic endocarditis.
252.
Volvulus equals what?: Twisting.
253.
What 2 pathways is arachidonic acid metabolized into?: 1. Lipoxygenase. 2. Cyclooxygenase.
254.
What 2 things will platelets do?: neutralize haparin and other cnticoagulant factors, and secrete thromoxane which stimulates coagulation.
255.
What 3 thing will inflammation do?: 1. Eliminate microbes and toxins. 2. Eliminate necrotic cells and tissues. 3. prepare for tissue repair.
256.
What are 2 catagories of intracellular accumulations?: 1. Exogenous material. 2. Endogenous metabolites.
257.
What are 2 causes of cancer generally?: 1. Exogenous causes. 2. Endogenous.
258.
What are 2 cytokines that signal activated macrophages where to go?: TNK and IL-1.
259.
What are 2 types of toxic cell injury?: 1. Direct toxin. 2. Indirect toxin.
260.
What are 3 possible causes of shock/: 1. Pump failure of the heart. 2. Loss of fluid from circulation. 3. Loss of peripheral vascular tone.
261.
What are chaperones?: Heat shock protiens (HSP).
262.
What are eponymic tumors?: They have the names of the doctors that discovered them.
263.
What are granuloma's?: focal accumulation of activated macrophages which often develop into epithelial-like appearance.
264.
What are lines of zahn?: Distinct layering of cellular elements and fibrin that occur in atrial and venous thrombi.
265.
What are MMP's?: Matrix metalloproteinase. They help degrade collagen and other ECM proteins.
266.
What are reabsorption droplets?: Intracellular accumulations of protein in proximal renal tubles.
267.
What are RNA viruses that are carcinogenic?: Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), Adult T cell leukemia which is in HIV group.
268.
What are russell bodies?: excess secretory protein synthesis which leads to intracellular accumulations of protein that leads to a distended ER with large eosinophilic inculsions.
269.
What are some examples of intracelluar hyaline accumulations?: reabsorption droplets, russel bodies, Mallory alcoholic hyalin.
270.
What are some neuro diagnosis of Intracellular accumulations of protein?: Alzheimer's, Huntington's, parkinsons's, Maybe Diabetes M. Type II.
271.
What are the 2 clinical classifications of tumors and what are they like?: 1. Benign- good. 2. Malignant- BAD.
272.
What are the 2 forms of edema?: 1. Exudate. 2. Transudate.
273.
What are the 2 major mediators of inflammation?: Plasma derived and cell derived.
274.
What are the 2 pathways for coagulation factors?: Endogenous (intrinsic) and exogenous (extrinsic).
275.
What are the 2 types of human oncogenes?: viral and cellular.
276.
What are the 3 clinical stages of shock/: 1. early or compensated shock. 2. Decompensated but reversible shock. 3. Irreversible shock.
277.
What are the 3 principle components of a intravascular coagulation?: 1. Coagulation factors. 2. Platelts. 3. Endothelia cells.
278.
What are the 3 roles of HSP?: 1. Protein folding. 2. Disaggregation of protein-protein complexes (unclumping). 3. Protein transport to cell organells.
279.
What are the 3 stages of activating something to undergo enlargment?: 1. Priming. 2. Proliferation. 3. Growth inhibition.
280.
What are the 4 main functions of the activated complement derivatives?: 1. Opsonization- facilitated phagocytosis of bacteria. 2. Anaphylaxis- histamine release with increased vessel wall permeability. 3. Chemotaxis- migration of leukocytes. 4. Cell lysis- through the action of MAC.
281.
What are the 4 main pathways of metastasis?: 1. Lymphatics. 2. Blood. 3. Seeding surface of body cavity (transcoelomic spread). 4. Intraepitheilal.
282.
What are the 4 mechanisms of MMP regulation?: 1. regulation of synthesis by growth factors or cytokines. 2. Inhibition of synthsis by corticosteroids or TGF-beta. 3. secreted in inactive form. 4. Blockage of the enzymes by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase.
283.
What are the 4 pricipal causes of metastatic calcification?: 1. Increased PTH from a primary tumor on the parathyroid glands. 2. Bone destruction. 3. Vitamin D related. 4. Renal failure leading to increased phosphate retention leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism.
284.
What are the 5 signs and symptoms of acute inflammation?: 1. Redness. 2. Heat. 3. Swelling. 4. Pain. 5. Loss of function.
285.
What are the 5 steps that carcinogen undergoes?: 1. Initiation. 2. Promotion. 3. Conversion. 4. Progression. 5. Clonal expansion.
286.
What are the 7 warning signals of cancer?: CAUTION= Change on bowel or bladder cancer, A sore that doesn't heal, Unusual bleeding or discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart or mole, Nagging cough or hoarseness.
287.
What are the adjuvants (helpers) of the proliferation phase?: Norepinephrine, insulin, thyroid hormone, growth hormone.
288.
What are the components of acute and chronic inflammatory responses?: Circulating cells, portiens, blood vessel cells, and proteins of extracellualr matrix.
289.
What are the different ways of staging tumors?: TNM, Overall stage groupings.
290.
What are the different ways to classify tumors?: Grading and staging.
291.
What are the functions of sebaceous glands?: Secrete sebum to lubircate the skin and discourage the growth of bacteria on the skin.
292.
What are the major components of the ECM?: Collagen, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins.
293.
What are the other names of primary and secondary neutrophil granules?: Primary- azurophil, secondary- specific.
294.
What are xanthomas?: Intracellular accumulations of cholesterol in the skin and tendon masses.
295.
What binds ECM components and interacts with the cytoskeleton at focal adhesions complexes?: Integrin.
296.
What calcium metabolsim pathology is present with dystrophic calcification?: None.
297.
What cancer has the most incidence ( New cases) amoung Males and Females?: Males- 1. Prostate 2. Lung. 3. Colon. Females- 1. Breast. 2. Lung. 3. Colon.
298.
What causes endometrial hyperplasia?: Estrogen.
299.
What causes intracellular accumulations of glycogen?: Glucose metabolism disorders like Diabetes M., and Genetic disorders that lead to glycogen storage disease.
300.
What causes necrosis and apoptosis?: Necrosis- invariably pathologic. Apoptosis- Often physiological.
301.
What commonly happens after thrombolytic therapy?: Reperfusion after anoxia and often causes injury through free radical production.
302.
What do EPC's do at sights of injury?: They differentiate and form a mature network of vessels.
303.
What do tumor suppressor genes do?: They protect genes against activated or newly acquired oncogenes.
304.
What do we get from anareboic respiration?: 2 ATP, and lactic acid.
305.
what do we look for in a vaginal smear?: Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.
306.
What does Bursa do?: Cushions areas of joints that are subject to friction during movement.
307.
What does dystrophic mean?: Bad growth or abnormal growth.
308.
What does metastasis mean?: Change positions.
309.
What else happens with compensated shock?: Vasoconstriction of arterioles and reduced urine production.
310.
What fills the alveolar spaces in acute inflammation?: Neutrophils and blood vessels.
311.
What gene is associated with a lung tumor?: L-myc
312.
What gene is associated with breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas?: erb-B2
313.
What gene is associated with burkitt's lymphoma?: c-myc
314.
What gene is associated with CML?: abl.
315.
What gene is associated with colon cancer?: ras.
316.
What gene is associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas?: bcl-2
317.
What gene is associated with GI stomal tumor?: c-kit.
318.
What gene is associated with herebitary papullary renal cancer?: met
319.
What gene is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types II and III?: ret
320.
What gene is associated with neuroblastoma?: N-myc
321.
What happens if we lose 1000- 1500 ml of blood?: Circulatory shock.
322.
What happens in chronic inflammation when MMP's decrease their activities?: IT will decrease the collagen degradation.
323.
What happens to albumin C with increased temperatures?: It denatures.
324.
What happens to apoptotic bodies and how?: They are phagocytosed and they have ligands on them for phagocytic receptors.
325.
What happens to C3 when it is cleaved?: it becomes Ca and then Cb.
326.
What happens to DNA with apoptosis?: It breaks down by internucleosomal (between the nucleosome.)
327.
What happens to DNA with coag. necrosis?: Random diffuse from tissue damage and membrane injury.
328.
What happens to neutrophils when acute inflammation is healed by resolution?: Phagocytois and apoptosis.
329.
What happens to procarcinogens?: They are transformed into the active carcinogen.
330.
What happens to reversible damaged cells when looking at them with light microscope?: They have fatty changes (steatosis).
331.
What happens to the mitochondria with subcellular injury?: Increased number with cellular hypertrophy and decreased number with cellular atrophy. Also mitochondria may assume extreme large and abnormal shapes.
332.
What happens to the nucleus in cells with reversible or irreversible damage?: Reversible- chromatin clumps. Irreversible- Nuclear condensation, fragmentation and dissolution.
333.
What happens to the plasma membrane during necrosis and apoptosis?: Necrosis- it is disrupted. Apoptosis- Intact/altered.
334.
What happens to vasculature with chronic inflammation?: Angiogenesis.
335.
What happens when a tumor suppressor gene has lost function?: it is no longer a cancer-inhibiting agent.
336.
What happens when growth factor binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor?: Dimerization and autophosphorylation of tyrosine residue.
337.
What happens with a partial hepatectomy?: Remaining part enlarges. The missing part is not replaced.
338.
What happens with an injury when the stimulus that caused the acute injury is removed?: Parenchymal cell death.
339.
What happens with decompensated reversible shock?: hypotension, tachypnea and shortness of breath, oliuria, acidosis.
340.
What happens with intracerebral hemorrhage?: Stroke, death.
341.
What happens with irreversible shock?: 1. Circulatory collapse. 2. marked hypoperfusion of vital organs. 3. Loss of vital functions.
342.
What happens with the cells contents with necrosis and apoptosis?: Necrosis- enzymatically digested. Apoptosis- intact.
343.
What happens with the heart during compensated shock?: Tachycardia (beats faster).
344.
What increases with chronic inflammation?: increased Lymphocytes and increased neutrophils (less than lymphocytes).
345.
What is 3rd hand smoke?: Chemicals will remain on areas that smoke touches like clothes and anything it gets on like houses.
346.
What is a bleb?: A bubble or blister.
347.
What is a clone?: A distinct subpopulation.
348.
What is a fistula?: a narrow passage or duct formed by disease or injury, as one leading from an abscess to a free surface, or from one cavity to another
349.
What is a pathologic calcification?: Multiple myeloma.
350.
What is a purpura?: A skin hemorrhage that is between 1mm and 1 cm.
351.
What is a sign of good cardiovasular health?: An A.M. erection.
352.
What is a sinus?: a narrow passage leading to an abscess or the like.
353.
What is a tumor?: Formation of masses.
354.
What is allowed to happen to the wound with secondary intention healing?: It is allowed to granulate.
355.
What is amyloidosis?: Aggregation of abnormal proteins.
356.
What is an abscess?: A blocked off region.
357.
What is an embolus?: Undissolved materials like thrombus in blood.
358.
What is an intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and cholesterol esters in arteries called?: Atherosclerosis.
359.
What is an oncogene?: A gene that is the cause of cancer.
360.
What is anaplasia?: An IRREVERSIBLE abnormal cell lacking differentiation.
361.
What is anaplasia?: A change in the structure of cells and a change in their orientation to each other.
362.
What is anasarca?: Extreme generalized edema.
363.
What is anthracosis?: Accumulation of a pigment that blackens the lings and the involved lymph nodes.
364.
What is aplasia?: The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.
365.
What is blood serum like during metastatic calcification?: The Calcium levels in serum are high it is also high in tissues.
366.
What is bradykinin?: A hormone that causes inflammation.
367.
What is Cancer?: tissue invasion appearance like crawling crab.
368.
What is clonal expansion?: identical and divergent.
369.
What is converision?: New cell type able to self proliferate.
370.
What is damaged subcellularly that will interfere with organelle and molecular transport, cell architecture, cell-to cell signals, cellular mobility and phagocytosis?: Cytoskeletal abnormalities.
371.
What is desmoplasia?: REVERSIBLE fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.
372.
What is dysplasia?: Abnormal tissue growth with loss of cell orientation, shape, and size
373.
What is dysplasia?: abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape.
374.
What is dystrophic calcification?: Abnormal growth of calcium.
375.
What is ecchymosis?: A skin hemorrhage that is large blotch bruises
376.
What is edema like with acute inflammation?: deposition of plasma fluid and proteins.
377.
What is embolizatin of a thrombi?: Breaking off of a clot.
378.
What is epistaxis?: Nose bleeds.
379.
What is Ewing's sarcoma?: An eponymic tumor of the bones.
380.
What is fetal protein in adults a marker for and why?: A marker for a tumor because the tumor cell regressed into making a fetal protein.
381.
What is fetal protein?: A product of fetal hepatocytes.
382.
What is fibronectin?: 2 glycoprotein chains held by disulfide bonds.
383.
What is hematemesis?: Vomiting blood.
384.
What is hematochezia?: Anorectal bleeding.
385.
What is hematoma?: Compression of tissues.
386.
What is hematuria?: Blood in urine.
387.
What is hemoptysis?: Respiratory tract hemorrhage
388.
What is hemosiderin?: An endogenous metabolite that is an accumulation of iron from RBC.
389.
What is Hodkin's disease?: An eponymic tumor of the lymph nodes.
390.
What is hydrostatic pressure?: Blood pressure pushing fluid out of capillaries.
391.
What is hydrothorax, hydropericardium, and hydroperitoneum?: Clincal forms of edema that are in cavities.
392.
What is hyperplasia?: Increase in number of cells.
393.
What is hypertrophy?: Enlargment due to increase in size not number of cells.
394.
What is hypervolemic?: High levels of blood.
395.
What is incidence?: The number of new cases at a defined time.
396.
What is inflammation?: Reaction of blood vessels leading to accumulation of fluid and leukocytes in the extravascular tissues.
397.
What is irreversible neoplasia?: a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive.
398.
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?: An eponymic tumor of the skin.
399.
What is Keloid?: Excess collagen deposition in the skin forming a raised scar.
400.
What is larger primary or secondary neutrophil granules?: Primary.
401.
What is leukotrienes?: an arachidonic acid derivative that does chemotaxis, vascular permeability, bronchospasm.
402.
What is Lipofuscin?: An endogenous intracellular accumulation of a brown pigment.
403.
What is lipoxins?: an arachidonic acid derivative that does vasodilation, inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, monocyte adhesion.
404.
What is margination?: RBC go to center and White blood cells go to margins.
405.
What is melanin?: A black pigment.
406.
What is melena?: Passage of black blood in stool from upper GI tract.
407.
What is menorrhagia?: Profound menstrual bleeding.
408.
What is mesenchyme?: cells of mesodermal origin that are capable of developing into connective tissues, blood, and lymphatic and blood vessels.
409.
What is metaplasia?: 1 adult cell type is replaced by another.
410.
What is metaplasia?: The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type.
411.
What is metrorrhagia?: Bleeding not related to normal monthly menses.
412.
What is mortality?: Deaths attributed to something.
413.
What is multiple myeloma?: Widespread lucencies in the bone.
414.
What is neoplasia?: New growth.
415.
What is oncology?: The branch of science dealing with neoplasia.
416.
What is oncotic pressure?: Plasma proteins that are in capillaries want to be diluted and pull fluid back into the capillary.
417.
What is oncotic pressure?: Pulling in because concentration of proteins is higher in vasculature.
418.
What is opisthorchis sinesis?: A chinese live fluke that acts as a bile duct and liver carcinogen.
419.
What is pavementing?: Rolling, tight binding, diapedisis
420.
What is petechia?: Skin hemorrhages that are less than 1mm.
421.
What is prevalence?: All cases new and old at a defined time.
422.
What is progression?: acquisition of new genetic feature.
423.
What is promotion?: Stimulation to proliferate.
424.
What is prostacyclin?: An arachidonic acid derivative that opposes the effects of thromboxane.
425.
What is prostaglandins?: An arachidonic acid derivative that does smooth muscle contraction.
426.
What is Rouleaux?: Stacking of RBC.
427.
What is shistosoma haematobium?: A parasite that acts as a urinary bladder carcinogen.
428.
What is steatosis?: Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in parenchynmal cells also it is a fatty change.
429.
What is the 4th step in the metastatic cascade?: Transport by circulation.
430.
What is the 5th step in the metastatic cascade?: Emboilization (getting caught).
431.
What is the 6th step in the metastatic cascade?: Invasion
432.
What is the 7th step in the metastatic cascade?: New tumor formation at the site of metastasis.
433.
What is the action of histamine?: Stimulates retraction of endothelial cells of the venules which increases gaps and increases permeability.
434.
What is the appearance of caseous necrosis?: Cheesy white appearance.
435.
What is the biological role of tumor-induced angiogenesis?: TO overcome limitations of nutrient and oxygen delivery.
436.
What is the classical complement pathway aka?: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL).
437.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?: Necrosis- common after ischemia and chemical injury CELL SWELLING. Apoptosis- is programmed cell death and CELL SHRINKAGE.
438.
What is the down side of P-450?: While detoxing it can make some reactive oxygen intermediates which can injure cells.
439.
What is the early stage of most inflammation?: Serous inflammation.
440.
What is the external surface of benign and malignant tumors?: Benign- smooth, malignant- irregular.
441.
What is the first and second leading cause of death in the USA?: 1. Heart disease. 2. Cancer.
442.
What is the first step in forming a thrombi?: Defect is covered with fibrin and platlets.
443.
What is the first step in the metastatic cascade?: a primary tumor.
444.
What is the first step of the complement system?: phagocytosis bacteria.
445.
What is the function of bone marrow?: Produces blood cells.
446.
What is the function of hair?: It aids in controlling the loss of body heat.
447.
What is the function of pancreatic Islets?: Control blood levels and glucose metabolism.
448.
What is the function of the middle ear?: It transmits sound waves to the inner ear.
449.
What is the function of the Pineal gland?: Influences the sleep-wakefulness cycle.
450.
What is the function of the pituitary gland?: Secretes hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands.
451.
What is the function of the thyroid gland?: Stimulate metabolism, growth, and activity of the nervous system.
452.
What is the generic way of naming Tumor suppressor genes?: D___ C. stands for deleted __name of area___ cancer
453.
What is the last step of resolution healing of an acute inflammation?: Disposal of macrophages.
454.
What is the Lifespan of a RBC?: 120 days.
455.
What is the lifespan of a WBC?: Days to years.
456.
What is the lifespan of platelets?: 8 days.
457.
What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia?: Hyperparathyroidism.
458.
What is the most common sign of cervix cancer?: Vaginal bleeding.
459.
What is the most common sign of colon cancer?: Blood in stool
460.
What is the most common sign of skin cancer and what is the most important risk factor?: Skin lesion, sun expsoure.
461.
What is the most common sign of uterus cancer and what is the most important risk factor?: Vaginal bleeding, and hormonal imbalance.
462.
What is the most important part of having the macrophages accumulate in the tissues?: Continued recruitment.
463.
What is the most important risk factor for breast cancer?: Family Hx
464.
What is the most important risk factor for colon cancer?: Family Hx
465.
What is the most important risk factor with cervix cancer?: STD
466.
What is the name of a slow and a fast growing tumor?: slow- bening. Fast- malignant.
467.
What is the net result of fluid flow with acute inflammation?: Net is an excess of extravasated fluid.
468.
What is the pattern of hyaline cartilage intracellular accumulation?: There is no specific pattern of accumulation due to the variety of alteration.
469.
What is the pH like for cells with reversible or irreversible damage?: Reversible has low intracelluar pH. Irreversible- continued low intracellular pH.
470.
What is the primary functin of the adnexa of the eye?: Accessory structures that provide extrnal protection and allow the eyes to move.
471.
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?: Play important role in immune reactions.
472.
What is the primary function of the adrenal glands?: Regulate electrolyte levels, influence metabolism, respond to stress.
473.
What is the primary function of the tonsils and adenoids?: To protect the entry into the respiratory system.
474.
What is the receptor and the ligand that will signal apoptosis?: Ligand- FAS. Receptor- TNF
475.
What is the role of P-450?: Detox. It is enzymes that increase the solubility of compounds and help excrete them.
476.
What is the second step in forming a thrombi?: Fibrin meshwork anchors RBCs into nascent thrombus.
477.
What is the second step in the metastatic cascade?: Metastatic clone evolves.
478.
What is the second step of the complement system?: Attachment of the opsonized bacterium to the PMN.
479.
What is the stimulus for apoptosis?: Mainly physiologic but can be pathologic.
480.
What is the third step in the metastatic cascade?: Proliferation of the clone and invasion of vessel.
481.
What is the third step of the complement system?: Formation of phagocytic vacuole.
482.
What is the thrid step in forming a thrombi?: Fully formed thrombi consists of layers of fibrin and RBCs
483.
What is the tissue architecture like with caseous necrosis?: It is obliterated.
484.
What is the tissue reaction like during apoptosis?: No inflammation phagocytosis of ABs
485.
What is the tissue reaction of coag. Necrosis?: Inflammation.
486.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for hairy cell leukemia?: TRAP
487.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for melanoma, neural tumors, and astrocytomas?: S-100.
488.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for metastases to bone?: alkaline phosphatase.
489.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for moles, and gestational trophoblastic tumors?: Beta-hCG
490.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for neuroblastoma, lung, and gastric cancer?: Bombesin.
491.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for ovarian, and malignant epithelial tumors?: CA-125
492.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for pancreatic adenocarcinoma?: CA-19-9
493.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for pancreatic cancer?: CEA
494.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for prostate carcinoma?: PSA
495.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for testies?: alpha-fetoprotein
496.
What is the tumor marker used to screen for thyroid cancers?: Tg.
497.
What is thrombolytic therapy?: Use of drugs to break up clotts.
498.
What is thromboxane?: An arachidonic acid derivative that does platelet aggregation, thrombosis.
499.
What is used for treatment of bladder cancer?: BCG.
500.
What is wet gangrene?: Coagulation necrosis with liquifactive action of bacterial infection and attracted leukocytes.
501.
What leads to commitment of stem cells to differentiate into specific cells?: Activation of key regulatory proteins by growth factors and cytokines.
502.
What leaks from damaged mitochondria?: Ca2+.
503.
What percentage of bone tumors are from metastasis?: More than primary tumors.
504.
What percentage of brain cancers are from metastases?: 50%.
505.
What percentage of liver cancers are from metastasis?: More than primary tumors.
506.
What should be look for with Kaposi's sarcoma?: It is a Hugh clue of Aids.
507.
What should tumor markers be used for?: Not as primary diagnosis, but to confirm a diagnosis and to monitor therapy.
508.
What signals the priming stage?: Cytokines: TNF, IL-6, others.
509.
What type of a tumor is a teratoma?: They are derived from germ cells and contain mixed tissues from all 3 germ layers and can have any type of tissues like teeth.
510.
What type of adjacent inflammation is present with necrosis and apoptosis?: Necrosis- frequent adjacent inflammation. Apoptosis- no adjacent inflammation.
511.
What type of cancer will alfatoxins cause?: Liver.
512.
What type of carcinogen is kapsoi's sarcoma?: Skin cancer.
513.
What type of carcinogen would UV light, X-rays, radioactive isotopes and atomic bombs be called?: Physical carcinogens.
514.
What type of cells are anchoreged dependent?: Normal cells. Cancer cells show a lack of contact inhibition.
515.
What type of cells are less differentiated?: Cancer cells.
516.
What type of cells are more adapt to survive under unfavorable conditions?: Cancer cells.
517.
What type of cells can be passaged from one flack to another? How often can this happen?: Cancer cells. Indefinitely (immortal).
518.
What type of cells have calcification ones with reversible or irreversible damage?: Irreversible.
519.
What type of cells will have bleb's ones with reversible or irreversible damage?: Reversible.
520.
What type of cells will have damage to the plasma membrane ones with reversible or irreversible damage?: Irreversible.
521.
What type of cells will have swelling of the ER ones with reversible or irreversible damage?: Both but irreversible damge has contiunued swelling of ER.
522.
What type of hemorrhage has slower onset subdural or epidural and why?: Subderal because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries.
523.
What type of infarct is ween with volvulus?: Red infarct.
524.
What type of inflammation happens with abscess, sinus, and fistula?: Purulent inflammation.
525.
What type of inflammation is found with a peptic ulcer?: both acute and chronic.
526.
What type of injury is primary intention healing?: Little tissue loss.
527.
What type of oil is good for conversion to arachidonic acid?: Animal fat.
528.
What type of oil is not good for conversion to arachidonic acid, but good for omega 3?: Fish oils.
529.
What type of pathological inflammation is purulent inflammation?: Pus.
530.
What type of scaring occurs with primary and secondary and tertiary intention healing?: Primary- minimal scarring. Secondary- broader scar. Tertiary- wound is purposely left open.
531.
What type of tumor is a blastoma?: Malignant tumors composed of embryonic cells from embryonic primordia.
532.
What type of tumor suppressor genes protect neurofibromatosis 1 and 2?: NF-1 and NF-2.
533.
What type of tumor will have a capsule?: Benign.
534.
What type of tumor will have hemorrhage?: Malignant.
535.
What type of tumor will show necrosis?: Malignant.
536.
What Vitamin can stabilize Mast cells?: Vitamin C 2-3 grams.
537.
What vitamin is needed for HO-ization?: Ascorbic acid.
538.
What wil execution caspases do?: Once a cell is told to undergo apoptosis from: injury, withdrawal from growth factors, ligand FAS and receptor TNF, or cytotoxic T cells then the execution caspases start the degradation of cytoskeleton and nuclear proteins.
539.
What will accumulate at the injury site of an acute inflammation?: Leukocytes.
540.
What will activate the proliferation stage?: Growth factors: HGF, TGF-alpha, others.
541.
What will adenoma of colon look like microscopically?: Uniform appearance.
542.
What will alcohol dehydrogenase do with alcohols?: It converts them into aldehydes or ketones.
543.
What will alcohol dehydrogenase do with methanol and ethylene glycol?: Methanol- converts it to formaldehyde. Ethylene glycol- converts it to oxalic acid.
544.
What will Apoptosis look like when in agarose gel culture cells?: It will look like a ladder pattern of DNA fragment.
545.
What will arterial hemorrhage look like?: Bright red pulsating/squirting.
546.
What will benign and malignant tumor cell nuclei look like microscopically?: Benign- normal size and shape also uniform. Malignant- variable shape (Pleomorphic).
547.
What will benign and malignant tumor cells look like microscopically?: Benign- well differentiated. Malignant- poorly differentiated.
548.
What will cancer cells contain less of?: Mitochondria, RER, specialized enzymes.
549.
What will carcinoma look like microscopically?: Neoplastic cells are surrounded by non-specific stroma.
550.
What will cells undergoing apoptosis look like histologically?: Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies.
551.
What will clean up an injured site after the healing process?: Macrophages.
552.
What will cleave C3?: C3 convertase.
553.
What will coagulative necrosis look like?: Preservation of basic cell outline for several days.
554.
What will fat necrosis look like under microscope?: Foci of shadowy outlines of fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits surrounded by inflammatory reaction.
555.
What will fat necrosis look like?: Chalky area.
556.
What will help protect agains intracellular accumulations of proteins?: GSH.
557.
What will HSP (heat shock proteins) respond to?: They respond to a variety of chemical/physical stimuli.
558.
What will hyaline cartilage accumulations look like in a microscope?: Homogenous GLASSY pink appearance.
559.
What will inhibit growth?: TGF-Beta, Activin, others.
560.
What will initiation do?: Irreversible genetic changes.
561.
What will lysosomal catabolism do with a subcellular response to injury?: heterophagy and autophagy.
562.
What will necrosis or coag. Necrosis look like when in agarose gel culture cells?: It will look like diffuse smearing of DNA.
563.
What will NO (nitric oxide) do in blood vessels and macrophages?: Causes vasodilation and toxic free radicals are produced.
564.
What will pull Ca2+ out of body?: EDTA.
565.
What will renal cell carcinoma look like in a nephrectomy?: Spongy yellowish.
566.
What will sarcoma look like microscopically?: Elongated cells that resemble fibroblast.
567.
What will stage 0 mean?: Carcinoma in situ (situated in original position).
568.
what will stage I mean?: Cancers are localized to one part of the body.
569.
What will stage II mean?: Cancer is locally advanced and lymph nodes on only one side of the diaphragm have metastisis.
570.
What will stage III mean?: Lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm have metastisis.
571.
What will stage IV mean?: Cancers have spread to other organs or throughout the body.
572.
What will swelling be like for reversible damage?: It will be generalized.
573.
What will the benign and malignant tumors look like microscopically?: Benign- look like normal tissue of origin. Malignant- does not resemble normal tissue of origin.
574.
What will TNF and IL-1 do?: They are adhesion molecules for leukocytes.
575.
What will tumor cells mitoses be like for benign and malignant tumors?: Benign- few. Malignant- Many and irregular.
576.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of blood vessels?: B- hemangioma. M- Hemangiosarcoma.
577.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of cartilage cells be called?: B- Chondroma. M- Condrosacroma.
578.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of embryonic cells be called?: B- teratoma. M- Teratocarcinoma.
579.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of fat cells be called?: B- Lipoma M- Liposarcoma.
580.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of fibroblast cells be called?: B- Fibroma. M- Fibrosarcoma.
581.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of glandular ducts in epithelium be called?: B- adneoma. M- adenocarcinoma.
582.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of glial cells?: No benign. M- Glioma.
583.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of kidney cells be called?: B- renal cell adenoma. M- renal cell carcinoma.
584.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of Liver cells?: B- liver cell adenoma. M- Liver cell carcinoma.
585.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of lymphoid cells?: No benign. M- Lymphoma.
586.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of meningeal cells?: B- menigioma. No malignant.
587.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroblasts be called?: B- ganglioneuroma. M- Neuroblastoma.
588.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of neuroendocrine cells be called?: B- carcinoid. M- oat cell carcinoma.
589.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of plasma cells?: No bening. M- multiple myeloma.
590.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of schwann cells be called?: B- Schwannoma. M- Malignant schwannoma.
591.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of smooth muscle cells?: B- Leiomyoma. M- Leiomyosarcoma.
592.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of squamous skin cells be called?: B- Epithelioma. M- Squamouse cell carcinoma.
593.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of striated muscle be called?: B- rhadbomyoma. M- Rhabdomyosarcoma.
594.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of transitional epithelium be called?: B-Transitional cell papiloma. M- transitional cell carcinoma.
595.
What would a benign and malignant tumor of white blood cells?: No benign. M- luekemia.
596.
When a cell undergoes apoptosis what will leak out of the mitochondria?: Cytochrome C
597.
When acute inflammation is healed by resolution what happens to the vasculature?: It returns to normal.
598.
When acute or chronic inflammation is healed by fibrosis what happens?: Loss of function.
599.
When apoptotic cells breakdown they break down into what?: Apoptotic bodies.
600.
When collagen is not degraded or is allowed to be synthesised in chronic inflammation what happens?: Fibrosis.
601.
When is a venous thrombi found?: in dialated veins.
602.
When is cell injury reversible and when is it irreversible?: Reversible- when the abnotmal stress/stimuli persists for a short period of time. Irreversible- when the stress/stimuli persists or is severe.
603.
When UV light damages DNA what usually happens?: It is repaired.
604.
Where are microvascular thrombi found at?: Arterioles, capillaries, and venules.
605.
Where are the P-450 enzymes found at?: In the Smooth ER of hepatocytes.
606.
Where is cancer from UV light prevalent at?: Southern US and Australia.
607.
Where is embryonic glycoproteins made at?: by large intestine adenocarcinoma and normal fetal intestines.
608.
Where is the brain of a cell?: The membrane.
609.
Where wil emboilization most commoly take place?: At areas where vasculature gets funneled.
610.
Where will aromatic amines come from and how will it cause cancer and what type?: From dye and rubber industry, it is excreted in urine and causes bladder cancer.
611.
Where will asbestos come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: Industrial, inhalation, lung.
612.
Where will CCL4 come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: dry cleaning, solvent, refrigerant, contact, liver cancer.
613.
Where will intracellular accumulations of glycogen be found at?: In clear vacoules within the cytoplasm.
614.
Where will Metals and organic compounds come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: Pesticides, from skin contact, skin cancer, AND ore, from inhalation, nasal cancer.
615.
Where will nitrosamines come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: From food additives (smoked food), it is a bacrial conversion in the gut and it leads to intestinal cancer.
616.
Where will polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons come from?: Tobacoo tar.
617.
Where will proteins mostly break down at?: At sistein where the s-s bridges are.
618.
Where will steatosis usually happen at?: The liver, but can happen in the heart, muscles, and kidneys.
619.
Where will Steroid hormones come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: Ovary/adrenal, from stimulation of endometrium, causes endometrial carcinoma.
620.
Where will Vinyle chloride come from and how will they cause cancer and what type?: Many sources, inhalation, Liver.
621.
Where will Vitamin E be doing free radical protection?: In the membranes.
622.
Which method of classifying tumors is more predictive in value staging or grading?: Staging.
623.
Which one is faster onset chronic or acute inflammation?: Acute.
624.
Which one lasts longer chronic or acute inflammation?: Chronic.
625.
Which type of edema is typical of inflammation?: Exudate.
626.
Which type of tumor has metastases (transfer to other parts of the body)?: Malignant.
627.
White infarcts ________ areas.: Rimmed
628.
Who is at risk for deep venous thrombosis?: Elderly people on transcontinental flights.
629.
Who plays the central role in resolution healing of an acute inflammation?: Macrophages.
630.
Why can the healing process be slower with secondary intention healing?: Due to the presence of drainage from infection surgeons may pack the wound with gauze or use a drainage system.
631.
Why is homogenated milk bad for us?: Xanthine oxidase is better absorbed in body.
632.
Why will cancer cells contain less Mitocondria, RER, and specialized enzymes?: They are less differentiated and don't complete a normal function and therefore don't need to maximize energy production.
633.
Will a tumor always be a neoplasia?: yes.
634.
Wilms tumor (kidney) is protected by what tumor suppressor gene?: WT-1.
635.
With a partial hepatectomy what happens during DNA replication?: incorporation of tritiated thymidine.
636.
With acute inflammation what happens to blood flow?: Vascular dilation and increased blood flow.
637.
With acute inflammation what is the main WBC?: Neutrophils.
638.
With chronic inflammation what is the main WBC?: macrohpages and lymphocytes.
639.
With chronic passive congestion of the lungs macrophages take up RBC and degrade hemoglobin and this causes what?: Hemosiderin accumulation.
640.
With inflammation there are how many more neutrophils than lymphocytes?: there are 2 neutrophils for every lymphocyte.
641.
With inflammation what is the major WBC?: Neutrophil.
642.
With several FAS death domains in proximity what happens?: Autocatalysis of caspase and this leads to apoptosis.
643.
With tumor suppressor genes how many allels must be lost for expression of disease?: Both.
