The Language of Medicine, 9th ed. - Chapter 18
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107 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 glands | tissues that release chemicals inside and outside the body |
| hormones | chemical messengers that regulate the functions of the body |
| receptors | recognition sites on various target tissues within the body on which hormones act; initiate specific biological effects |
| endocrine glands | glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| exocrine glands | glands that send chemical substances via ducts to the outside of the body |
| pineal gland | gland that secretes melatonin |
| melatonin | hormone that functions to support the body's biological clock and helps to induce sleep |
| thymus gland | gland that produces thymosin |
| thymosin | hormone important to the development of the immune responses in newborns |
| prostaglandins | hormones that (1) stimulate the contractions of the uterus; (2) regulate body temperature; (3) help lower blood pressure |
| thyroid gland | gland that produces hormones that help control calcium levels and maintain a normal metabolism |
| tetraiodothyronine | hormone produced in the thyroid that helps regulate metabolism (i.e., T4) |
| triiodothyronine | hormone produced in the thyroid that helps regulate metabolism (i.e., T3) |
| calcitonin | hormone secreted by the thyroid when calcium levels are high in order to stimulate calcium to leave the blood and enter the bones |
| parathyroid glands | glands that produce hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood |
| parathyroid hormone | hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that mobilizes calcium from the bones into the bloodstream when calcium levels are low |
| homeostasis | equilibrium or constancy in the internal environment |
| adrenal glands | glands that secrete corticosteroids and catecholamine hormones |
| adrenal cortex | part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticosteroids |
| adrenal medulla | part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamine |
| corticosteroids | complex chemicals derived from cholesterol |
| catecholamines | chemicals derived from amino acids |
| glucocorticoids | corticosteroids that have an important influence on the metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins and have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect |
| cortisol | hormone that helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism; raises blood glucose as part of a response to stress |
| cortisone | hormone useful in treating inflammatory conditions |
| mineralocorticoid | aldosterone is this type of hormone |
| aldosterone | hormone that regulates blood volume, blood pressure and electrolyte concentration by regulating the concentration of salts and helping the kidney reabsorb sodium and water |
| sex hormones | Produced in the adrenal cortex, androgens and estrogens are THESE types of hormones. |
| epinephrine | hormone that increases the heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, and releases glucose from glycogen when body needs it for more energy |
| norepinephrine | hormone that constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure |
| sympathomimetic agents | hormones that mimic, or copy, the actions of the sympathetic nervous system |
| pancreas | endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes insulin and digestive enzymes |
| islets of Langerhans | the endocrine tissue of the pancreas producing insulin and glucagon |
| insulin | hormone that lowers high-levels of blood sugar by helping it enter the body cells; also lowers blood sugar by causing the conversion of glucose to glycogen |
| glucagon | hormone that raises low-levels of blood sugar by acting on liver cells to promote conversion of glycogen back to glucose |
| pituitary gland | gland located at the base of the brain that regulates growth hormones and make hormones that controls several other glands |
| hypophysis | other name for the pituitary gland |
| adenohypophysis | the anterior lobe of the pituitary |
| neurohypophysis | the posterior lobe of the pituitary |
| growth hormone | hormone that stimulates protein synthesis that results in growth of bones, muscles and other tissues |
| somatotropin | other name for growth hormone |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones |
| thyrotropin | other name for thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | hormone that stimulates the growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones |
| adrenocorticotropin | other name for adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| gonadotropic hormones | hormones that stimulate secretions of the ovaries and testes |
| prolactin | hormone that stimulates breast development during pregnancy and sustains milk production after birth |
| antidiuretic hormone | hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules |
| oxytocin | hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and maintains labor during childbirth |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| endemic goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland occurring in certain regions and peoples where there is a lack of iodine in the diet |
| adenomatous goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland with hyperplasia, nodules, and adenomas |
| hyperthyroidism | overactivity of the thyroid gland |
| Graves disease | most common form of hyperthyroidism; it is considered an autoimmune disorder and is characterized by an increased heart rate, higher body temperature, weight loss, and exophthalmos |
| thyrotoxicosis | overactivity of the thyroid gland; another term for hyperthyroidism |
| hypothyroidism | underactivity of the thyroid gland causing fatigue, sluggishness, weight gain, and slow heart rate |
| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood caused by atrophy of the thyroid gland; skin becomes puffy due to the collection of mucus-like material under the skin |
| cretinism | extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to lack of normal physical and mental growth |
| thyroid carcinoma | cancer of the thyroid gland |
| hyperparathyroidism | excessive production of parathormone resulting in hypercalcemia and damage to the kidneys, heart, and bones |
| hypoparathyroidism | deficient production of parathyroid hormone resulting in hypocalcemia, muscle and nerve weakness, and muscle spasms |
| tetany | constant muscle contraction |
| adrenal virilism | excessive secretion of the adrenal androgens resulting in amenorrhea, hirsutism, and acne |
| Cushing syndrome | group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from adrenal cortex (e.g., obesity, moon-like face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia and hypertension) |
| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex resulting in malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, and loss of fluids; thought to be due to autoimmune adrenalitis. |
| pheochromocytoma | benign tumor of the adrenal medulla resulting in the production of excess secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| hyperinsulinism | excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia |
| diabetes mellitus | lack of insulin secretion or resistances of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells |
| Type 1 | form of diabetes mellitus that is an autoimmune disease; results in the destruction of beta islet cells and a complete deficiency of insulin on the body |
| Type 2 | form of diabetes mellitus occurring in older age and with obesity; deficiency of insulin occurs with insulin resistance |
| insulin resistance | the resistance of target tissues to the action of insulin |
| metabolic syndrome | precursor to type 2 diabetes; associated with insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and excessive triglycerides in the blood |
| ketoacidosis | fats are improperly burned leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body; a primary complication of type 1 diabetes |
| insulin shock | severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise; primary complication of type 1 diabetes |
| acromegaly | hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities |
| gigantism | hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues |
| dwarfism | congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone |
| panhypopituitarism | deficiency of all pituitary hormones |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH | excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone producing water retention in the body |
| diabetes insipidus | insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone causing the kidney tubules to fail to hold back needed water and salts; polyuria and polydipsia are two symptoms |
| fasting plasma glucose | measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours |
| glucose tolerance test | used to diagnose pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes |
| glycosylated hemoglobin test | measures long term glucose control |
| serum and urine tests | measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances and indicators or endocrine function |
| thyroid function tests | measurement of T3, T4, and TSH |
| exophthalmometry | measurement of eyeball protrusion |
| radioactive iodine uptake scan | radioactive iodine is administered and its uptake is by thyroid is imaged to assess function |
| thyroid scan | scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes thyroid gland after intravenous administration of radioactive compound |
| adenectomy | removal of a gland |
| adrenopathy | disease condition of the adrenal gland |
| hypogonadism | condition of underactive sex glands |
| pancreatectomy | removal of the pancreas |
| parathyroidectomy | removal of the parathyroid glands |
| hypopituitarism | condition of an underactive pituitary gland |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid |
| androgen | male hormone |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| hypercalciuria | excessive calcium in urine |
| endocrinologist | doctor who specializes in disorders of the endocrine system |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| estrogenic | pertaining to female |
| hypokalemia | deficiency of potassium in blood |
| hyponatremia | deficiency of sodium in blood |
| hypophysectomy | removal of the pituitary gland |
| glycosuria | condition of sugar in urine |
| euthyroid | normal thyroid |
| thyroxine | other name for tetraiodothyronine (T4) |
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