| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Famines | large-scale food shortage, massive starvation, social disruption and economic chaos |
| Malnourishment | nutritional imbalance caused by a lack of specific dietary components |
| Iron deficiency | Leads to anemia, About 2 billion people worldwide, Increases risk of death from hemorrhage in childbirth and affects development, Red meat, legumes, and green vegetables are all good sources of iron |
| Iodine | Essential for synthesis of thyroxin, an endocrine hormone that regulates metabolism, Deficiency causes a goiter, stunted growth and reduced mental ability, Affects about 740 million |
| Vitamin A | 100- 140 million affected, 350,000 go blind per year from this |
| Folic Acid | Essential for fetal development, Deficiency linked to neurological problems, small head, and even lack of a brain |
| Kwashiorkor | Displaced Child" – occurs mainly in children whose diet lacks high quality protein, Reddish – orange hair, bloated stomach |
| Marasmus | To Waste Away" – caused by a diet low in proteins and calories, Very thin, shriveled |
| Aquaculture | (growing aquatic species) is providing an increasing share of the world |
| Soil | a complex mixture of weathered minerals partially decomposed organic materials and a host of living organisms |
| Humus | insoluble residue from partially decomposed plants and animals |
| O horizon | (organic layer) Leaf liter, partially, decomposed organisms |
| A horizon | (topsoil) Mineral particles mixed with organic material |
| E horizon | (leached) Depleted of soluble nutrients |
| B horizon | (subsoil) Often dense texture from accumulating nutrients |
| C horizon | (parent material) Weathered rock fragments with little organic material |
| Mollisols | thick, organic A horizons formed under grasslands |
| Alfools | thick, organic A horizons formed under deciduous forests |
| Spoodosols | develop in temperature climates, typically pine forests where acidic needles cause a white, ashy E horizon |
| Ultisols/osxisols | hot and rainy climate, depleted of minerals and tends to be red in color because its iron rich |
| Aridosols | arid environment, have little organic material |
| Aridisols | develop from volcanic material |
| Vertisols | develop from clay rich material such as lake beds or shale bedrock |
| Hitosols | formed of waterlogged, decayed plant material |
| Entisols/inceptisols | little to no horizon development |
| Gelisoils | soils in permafrost areas |
| Sheet Erosion | thin layer of surface removed |
| Rill Erosion | small rivulets of running water gather together and cut small channels |
| Gully Erosion | rills enlarge to form bigger channels too large to be removed by normal tillage |
| Stream bank Erosion | washing away of soil from established stream banks |
| Water-logging | can cause plant roots to die from a lack of oxygen |
| Stalinization | salts accumulate in soils and when the water evaporates a salty crust is left behind that is lethal |
| Green manure | growing crops specifically add nutrients to the soil |
| Winged-bean | totally edible, resistant to diseases, and enriches the soil |
| Triscale | hybrid of wheat and rye; grows in light, sandy, and infertile soils; drought resistant, nutritious seeds, and is being tested for salt tolerance |
| Green Revolution | spread of new varieties around the world |
| Bt | (bacillus thuringiensis) is a bacteria lethal to Lepidoptera (butterflies) and Coleoptera (beetles) |
| Contour Plowing | plowing across slope to slow flow of water |
| Strip farming | planting different crops in alternating strips along land contours |
| Terracing | shaping land to create land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil |
| Plant perennial Species | plants that grow for more than two years |
| Minimum Till | chisel plow, does not turn the soil over |
| Conserve Till | coulter (disc) plow, opens up a slot just wide enough for seeds |
| no till | place seeds directly through mulch into the soil |
Combine with other sets
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