The Language of Medicine, 9th ed. - Chapter 19
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140 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 tumors | new growths that arise from normal tissue; neoplasms |
| neoplasms | new growths that arise from normal tissue; tumors |
| benign tumors | slow growing tumors that are noninvasive or infiltrative |
| malignant tumors | quick growing tumors that are invasive and infiltrative |
| infiltrative | extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues |
| invasive | having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue |
| differentiation | specialization of cells |
| anaplasia | characteristic of malignant tumors where cancerous cells resemble primitive cells and lack the capacity to perform mature cell function; cells are not differentiated and lack orderly arrangement |
| metastasis | spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site |
| carcinogenesis | transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one |
| DNA | malignant formation of cells results from damage to THIS genetic material |
| mitosis | process of cell division |
| nucleotide | unit of DNA composed of sugar, phosphate, and a base |
| mutation | change in the genetic material of a cell |
| apoptosis | process of normal cells undergoing spontaneous disintegration |
| carcinogens | cancer causing agents |
| oncogenic viruses | tumor-producing viruses |
| oncogene | region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer |
| cellular oncogenes | pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations, can cause a normal cell to become malignant |
| translocation | genetic change that occurs when oncogene is activated as pieces from two different chromosomes switch locations |
| Philadelphia chromosome | combination oncogene that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia |
| suppressor genes | genes that regulate the growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes from causing cancer; tumors arise because of inherited or acquired abnormalities in these genes |
| genetic screening | family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene |
| carcinoma | solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces |
| adenoma | benign tumor of glandular tissue |
| adenocarcinoma | malignant tumor arising from the glandular cells of an organ |
| mesenchymal tissue | embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived |
| sarcoma | malignant tumors derived from connective tissues in the body such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone marrow |
| osteoma | benign tumor of the bone |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone |
| glioma | malignant tumor arising from the cells within the brain |
| neuroblastoma | malignant tumor arising from the embryonic tissue of the nervous system |
| gross description | explains the visual appearance of a malignant tumor |
| cystic | tumors forming large open spaces filled with fluid |
| mucinous | cystic tumors filled with mucus |
| serous | cystic tumors filled with a thin, watery fluid |
| fungating | mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of the other and project from tissue surface |
| inflammatory | tumors having the features of inflammation (redness, swelling, and heat) |
| medullary | pertaining to large, soft, fleshy tumors |
| necrotic | tumors containing dead tissue |
| polypoid | growths that resemble projections extending outward from a base |
| sessile | tumors extending from a broad base |
| pedunculated | tumors extending from a stem or stalk |
| ulcerating | tumors characterized by open, exposed surfaces resulting from death of overlying tissue |
| verrucous | tumors resembling a wart-like growth |
| microscopic descriptions | explanations of the microscopic appearance of a malignant tumor |
| alveolar | tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs |
| carcinoma in situ | referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures |
| diffuse | tumor cells spread evenly throughout the affected tissue |
| dysplastic | abnormal-appearing cells but not clearly cancerous |
| epidermoid | tumor cells resemble squamous epithelial cells |
| follicular | tumor cells form small glandular sacs |
| papillary | tumor cells form small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells |
| pleomorphic | tumor is composed of a variety of types of cells |
| scirrhous | densely packed, hard tumors containing dense bands of fibrous tissue |
| undifferentiated | tumors lack microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells |
| grade | a tumor's degree of maturity or differentiation under the microscope |
| stage | a tumor's extent of spread within the body |
| Grade 1 tumors | tumors that are very well differentiated (grade) |
| Grade 4 tumors | tumors that are so undifferentiated/anaplastic that tumor's tissue of origin may not be recognized (grade) |
| T | within the staging system, THIS specifies the size and degree of local extension of the tumors |
| N | within the staging system, THIS specifies the number of regional lymph nodes invaded by a tumor |
| M | within the staging system, THIS specifies the presence or absence of metastases |
| T1N1M0 | staging code indicating that the tumor is less than 3 cm in diameter with one lymph node being affected and no metastases |
| modality | method of treatment |
| debulking procedure | procedure where as much tissue as possible is removed and the patient receives adjuvant therapy |
| cauterization | process of burning tissue to destroy it |
| core needle biopsy | placement of large-bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue |
| cryosurgery | use of subfreezing temperatures to destroy tissue |
| en bloc resection | tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes |
| excisional biopsy | removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue to provide a specimen for diagnosis; can be curative for small tumors |
| exenteration | wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in body space |
| fine needle aspiration | placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation |
| fulguration | destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by high-frequency current |
| incisional biopsy | piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis |
| radiation therapy | cancer treatment where a maximal dose of ionizing radiation is delivered to tumor tissue without damaging normal tissue |
| irradiation | exposure of tissue to radiation |
| brachytherapy | implantation of small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into the tumor or in the cavity of the tumor |
| electron beams | low-energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors |
| external beam irradiation | radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source (linear accelerator); teletherapy |
| teletherapy | radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source (linear accelerator); external beam irradiation |
| fields | dimensions of the size of radiation area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle |
| fractionation | method of dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer larger doses |
| gray | unit of absorbed radiation dose |
| linear accelerator | large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray (or photon) beams for the treatment of deep-seated tumors |
| photon therapy | radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays; linear accelerator produces beams to treat tumors |
| proton therapy | small subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit all of the absorbed dose at a focused finite point |
| radiocurable tumor | tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy |
| radioresistant tumor | tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death of the cells |
| radiosensitive tumor | tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue |
| morbidity | condition of being unwell; deficient in normal function |
| radiosensitizers | drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays |
| simulation | study prior to radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map treatment |
| stereotactic radiosurgery | single large dose of radiation is delivered under highly precise guidance to destroy a vascular abnormality or to treat small intracranial tumors |
| alopecia | baldness |
| fibrosis | increase in connective tissues |
| mucositis | inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes |
| myelosuppression | bone marrow depression resulting in anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia |
| pneumonitis | inflammation of the lungs |
| xerostomia | dryness of the mouth |
| chemotherapy | treatment of cancer using chemicals/drugs |
| pharmacokinetics | specialty concerned with measuring the amount of drug that is present over time in various body compartments |
| protocol | plan that details the route, schedule, and frequency of doses administered |
| remission | the absence of all signs of disease |
| alkylating agents | synthetic compounds that interfere with the process of DNA synthesis by attaching to DNA molecules in a cancer cell |
| antibiotics | drugs produced by bacteria or fungi that act by binding to DNA in the cancer cell thus promoting DNA strand breaks and preventing the replication of DNA |
| antimetabolites | drugs that inhibit the synthesis of nucleotide components of DNA or directly block the replication of DNA in a cancer cell |
| antimitotics | drugs that prevent mitosis from occurring in cancer cells |
| hormonal agents | chemical agents, like prednisone and estrogen, which stimulate normal tissue growth or inhibit tumor growth |
| molecularly targeted drugs | drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells |
| angiogenesis | growth of new blood vessels |
| biological therapy | cancer treatment that uses the body's own defenses to fight tumor cells |
| biological response modifiers | substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or that stimulate the immune system and other body defenses |
| interferons | biological response modifiers made by lymphocytes |
| monoclonal antibodies | biological response modifiers made by mouse or human immune cells and capable of binding to human tumors |
| colony-stimulating factors | biological response modifiers that stimulate blood-forming cells to combat myelosuppressive side effects of chemotherapy |
| interleukins | biological response modifiers that stimulate the immune system to destroy tumors |
| differentiating agents | drugs that cause tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die |
| dedifferentiation | loss of differentiation of cells |
| cachexia | general ill health and malnutrition associated with chronic, severe disease |
| electrocauterization | the destruction of tissue by heat generated from electricity |
| fibrosarcoma | malignant tumor of fibrous tissue |
| mutagenic | pertaining to causing genetic change |
| oncology | the study and treatment of tumors |
| retinoblastoma | childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina |
| hyperplasia | increased growth of cells (in number) |
| radiotherapy | treatment where ionizing radiation is used to treat malignancies |
| metaplasia | abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind |
| cytogenetic analysis | chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA |
| immunohistochemistry | localizing agents or proteins in tissues using labeled antibodies |
| protein marker tests | tests that measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells |
| bone marrow biopsy | aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells |
| bone marrow transplant | bone marrow is infused intravenously into a patient |
| autologous marrow transplantation | marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed |
| allogeneic marrow transplantation | marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient |
| fiberoptic colonoscopy | visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument |
| exfoliative cytology | cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope |
| laparoscopy | visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope |
| mammography | x-ray examination of the breast |
| radionuclide scans | radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of organs are obtained |
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