1.
2 divisions of living seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms
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2 main groups of angiosperms: monocots and dicots
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3 key features of gymnosperm life cycle: dominance of the sporophyte generation, development of seeds from fertilized ovules, transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
4.
3 phyla of gymnosperms: cycadophyta (cycads), gingkophyta , coniferophyta (conifers such as pine, fir, and redwood)
5.
all flowering plants have what 3 things: flowers, seeds, and fruit
6.
angiosperm life cycle: flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures, male gametophytes in pollen grains produced by microsporangia of anthers, female gametophytes (or embryo sac), develops within an ovule in an ovary at the base of a stigma, pollen grain lands on a stigma germinates and pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down the ovary, double fertilization occurs.
7.
angiosperms: seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits, most widespread and diverse of all plants
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Anther: which contains microsporangia and are most commonly two-lobed and are attached to the filament either at the base or in the middle portion. The sterile tissue between the lobes is called the connective.
9.
Basal Angiosperm: are the first flowering plants to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm and are the so-called ANITA grade. (ANITA stands for the genera Amborella, Nymphaea, Illicium, Trimenia and Austrobaileya)
10.
bristlecone pine: thought to reach an age far greater than any other single living organism, up to 5,000 years
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carpels: which produce ovules, consists of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received
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common to all seed plants: reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen
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Conifers: Pine cone producing trees
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Continental Drift & Alvarez Hypothesis: Two theories that explain the Angiosperms success , (an organism which shows the greatest degree of adaptive radiation)
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cotyledons: seed leaves that are in the embryo.
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cross pollination: most flowers have a mechanism to ensure this which is fertilization of flowers by different plants of the same species
17.
Cycads: Woody plants which produce seeds. Food of the dinosaurs, most prevalent, predominant plant life on land.
18.
dicots examples: rose, poppi, zucchini
19.
dicots or (eudicots): more than two thirds of angiosperm species are these, two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular tissue arranged in a ring, taproot present, pollen grain with three openings, flowers in multiples of four or five
20.
Double Fertilization: One sperm cell fertilizes the egg, the other sperm cell stimulates the growth of the pollen tube.
21.
double fertilization: the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule, one sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte ad initiates development of food storing endosperm
22.
embryo: consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons
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Embryo Sacs: where the egg cells are located
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endosperm: nourishes the developing embryo
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Endosperm Tissue: serves as a food reserve for the embryo, considered to be tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the angiosperm seed
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evolutionary links between angiosperms and animals: pollination of flowers and transport of seeds by animals, pseudocopulation (bees ejaculating on flowers), pheromones
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ex of fruit: tomato, grapefruit, nectarine, milkweed, hazelnut
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examples of conifers: douglas fir, european larch, bristlecone pine, sequoia, common juniper
29.
Filament: also known as the plant stalk.
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flower: angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction, some species pollinated by insects or animals, others by wind
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fruit: typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts, protect seeds and aid in their dispersal, can be either fleshy or dry
32.
Generative Cell: Produces two sperm
33.
Gingkos: Living fossils, separate sexes. The sperm are flagellated (animal-like)
34.
Gnetophytes: seed bearing plants that can grow as shrubs trees or vines and share similarities with both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
35.
gymnosperms- past and present: appear early in fossil record and dominated Mesozioc terrestrial ecosystem, they are better suited than nonvascular plants to drier conditions, today dominate in the northern latitudes
36.
Haploid Female Cell: half of somatic cell also known as Oocyte
37.
Haploid Male Cell: having half somatic or germ cells also known as the Spermatozoan
38.
Heterospory: More than one kind of spore, different sizes and sexes by sporophytes of land plants.
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Homospory: One kind of Spore
40.
magnoliids: most primitive flowering plant, most are big and all white, include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants, more closely related to monocots
41.
megasporangia: produces haploid megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes via mitosis
42.
microsporangia: produces haploid microspores that give rise to male gametophytes via mitosis
43.
microspores: develop into pollen grains and contain male gametophytes
44.
monocots: more than one quarter of angiosperm species are these, have one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous roots, pollen grain with one opening, flowers in multiples of threes
45.
monocots examples: orchids, lilies, plams, grasses like barley
46.
naked seeds: gymnosperms, no fruit
47.
Ovary: is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium, located at the bottom of the style.
48.
Ovulate Cones: The female cone (also called megastrobilus, seed cone) contains ovules which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds.
49.
Ovules: Egg Cells, (relates to the ova)
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petals: brightly colored and attract pollinators
51.
Phylum Anthophyta: all angiosperms are classified in this single phylum
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phylum coniferophyta: the largest gymnosperm phyla, most are evergreens and carry out photosynthesis year round
53.
phylum cycadophyta: large cones and palm like leaves, thrived during Mesozoic, few exist today
54.
phylum ginkogophyta: one living species: ginkgo biloba, high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree, female tree is stinky
55.
Pollen Cones: Male Pollen producing cones
56.
pollen grain germinates: gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophye within the ovule
57.
pollination: the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
58.
reproduction in a pine tree: pine tree= sporophyte, produces sporangia in males and female cones, cones produce microspores called pollen grains, each contains a male gametophyte, larger cones contain ovules, produce megaspores that develop into female gametophyte, nearly three years for cone production to mature seed
59.
seed: embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
60.
seeds evolutionary advantages over spores: remain dormant for days to years, until condition are favorable for germination. and they may be transported long distances by wind or animals
61.
Self-pollination: when the pollen grains can be carried from an anther to the stigma of the same flower
62.
sepals: enclose the flower
63.
stamens: produce pollen on their terminal anthers
64.
Stigma: receives pollen at pollination and is the site that the pollen grain germinates,
65.
Style: Connects the stigma to the ovary. They are always tube-like, either long or short
66.
threats to plant diversity: destruction of habitat causes extinction, this is often accompanied by loss of animal species that plants support, at this rate, 50% of Earth's species will become extinct within the next 100-200 years
67.
Tube Cell: Controls the growth of the pollen
68.
what does pollen eliminate?: the need for a film of water and can be dispersed great distances via air or animal
