OHS The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography Chapter Ten Key Terms
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osbornemarietta on July 31, 2011
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Mrs. Clark's AP Human Geography Vocabulary List for Chapter Ten of Rubenstein's book.
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78 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
| cereal grain | A grass yielding grain for food, also known as grain. |
| chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing. |
| combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field. |
| commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. |
| crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. |
| double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| fallow | uncropped land. |
| Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield and fast growing seeds and fertilizers during the 1970s and 1980s. Also, through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world to alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe. |
| horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. |
| hull | The outer covering of a seed. |
| intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. |
| luxury crop | non subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffe, and tobacco |
| Mediterranean agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. The sea winds provide moisture for the crops. The climate has moderate winter temperatures. Regions are hilly, mountainous regions. |
| milkshed | The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. |
| paddy | Malay word for wet rice., Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. |
| pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. |
| pasture | Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. |
| plantation | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country. |
| prime agriculture land | The most productive farmland. |
| ranching | A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. |
| reaper | A machine that cuts grain standing in the field. |
| ridge tillage | System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. |
| sawah | A flooded field for growing rice |
| shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. |
| slash-and-burn agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. |
| spring wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. |
| subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. |
| sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. |
| swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. |
| thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it. |
| transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities. |
| vegetative planting | reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems. |
| von Thunen's Model of Agriculture | 1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. |
| wet rice | Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. |
| winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. |
| winter wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer. |
| animal husbandry | An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. |
| biotechnology | the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments |
| dairying | An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. |
| domestication | the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food |
| feedlots | Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms. |
| Fertile Crescent | A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates |
| hunting and gathering | The process of living that involves hunting for meat, gathering edible produce, and traveling frequently. |
| livestock ranching | An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West. |
| mechanization | the act of implementing the control of equipment with advanced technology |
| pesticides | any one of various substances used to kill harmful insects (insecticide), fungi (fungicide), vermin, or other living organisms that destroy or inhibit plant growth, carry disease, or are otherwise harmful, often have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals |
| planned agricultural economy | An agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution. |
| salinization | A process in which mineral salts accumulate in the soil, killing plants; occurs when soils in dry climates are irrigated profusely |
| specialty crops | Crops including items like peanuts and pineapples, which are produced, usually in developing countries for export. |
| topsoil loss | Loss of the top fertile layer of soil is lost through erosion. It is a tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils, steep slopes, or torrential seasonal rains. |
| organic agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs. |
| plant domestication | Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention. |
| root crops | crops that are reproduced by cultivating either the roots or cuttings from the plants |
| seed crops | crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants |
| First Agricultural Revolution | Also Neolithic Revolution. The period of time about 12,000 years ago when the humans transitioned from hunting and gathering communities to agriculture and settlement bands due to the use of plant and animal domestication. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) |
| rectangular survey system | Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. |
| long-lot survey system | Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. |
| primogeniture | A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth. |
| Koppen climatic classification system | Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation |
| climatic regions | Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics |
| capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| capital-intensive agriculture | Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods-a process requiring very little human labor. |
| comparative advantage | the ability of an individual, a firm, or a country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors |
| free trade | An economic theory or policy of the absence of restrictions or tariffs on goods imported into a country. There is no "protection" in the form of tariffs against foreign competition. |
| Global-Local Continuum | The notion that what happens at a global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa. |
| irrigation | The process of SUPPLYING WATER to areas of land to make them suitable for GROWING CROPS |
| land cover | Natural or manmade features on the landscape that can be observed. More closely linked with satellite images and air photos. |
| land use | Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational |
| mixed farming | Raising several kinds of crops and livestock on the same farm |
| sedentary agriculture | Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place |
| yield | the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time) |
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