DEP 3053: Chapter 13 Sex Differences
About this set
Created by:
jussme on August 1, 2011
Subjects:
dep 3053, developmental psychology
Description:
A fusion of important developmental psychology lecture and textbook highlights
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 verbal ability | girls show small but consistent advantage |
| visual/spatial abilities | boys outperform girls |
| mathematical ability | boys show a small but consistent advantage |
| gender typing | the process by which a child becomes aware of his or her gender and acquires motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate for members of that sex |
| stages of gender constancy | gender labeling, gender stability, and gender consistency |
| gender labeling (2-3 yrs.) | children are able to reliably label their own and others' genders |
| gender stability (3-5 yrs.) | gender is recognized as somewhat permanent but gender can be changed if you change behavior or appearance |
| gender consistency (7 yrs.) | gender is permanent, cannot be changed even if appearance is changed |
| middle childhood (gender identity) | males adopt a masculine role while females identification with feminine roles decline |
| adolescence (gender identity) | gender intensification - move towards more traditional gender identity |
| explanations of sex-typed behavior | social cognitive learning theory, Kohlberg's, gender-schema theory, and biology |
| influence of parents/society | react to gender behavior, buy "appropriate" gender toys, select gender activities |
| social cognitive learning theory | learn sex-typed behavior through: reinforcement and punishment of behaviors & observational learning |
| social learning theory and imitation | since children are selective of who they imitate it reduces the support that society is the main influence over sex-typed behavior |
| Kohlberg | once children have a gender identity, they begin to act in ways consistent with their gender identity |
| gender-schema theory | environment teaches children their gender identity and helps establish their gender schemas, with this knowledge they can engage in sex-typed behavior |
| biology (sex-typed behavior) | hormones may contribute to sex-typed behavior, shown to modify those of the opposite sex significantly |
| evolutionary theory of gender role development | men and women faced different evolutionary pressures over the course of human history and the natural selection process is responsible for differences in gender |
| criticisms of the evolutionary theory | ignores difference limited to certain cultures, there is evidence that sex difference emerge due to variations in roles assigned to men and women & promotion of traits within these cultures |
| CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia) | high levels of male hormone exposure during pregnancy; girls showed more male-like genitalia, sex-typed behavior and characteristics |
| androgen sensitivity | low levels of male hormone during pregnancy; males appearance, preferences and abilities were more feminine |
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