Epidemiology Principales Part 1
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What is a carrier? | Is a person or animal that harbors the infectious agent for a disease and can transmit it to others, but does not demostrates signs of the disease |
| What means communicable period? | Is the time interval during which the disease agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected peron or animal to a new susceptible host |
| What is a contact? | An exposure to a source of an infection, a person who has been exposed |
| What is a disease? | Is an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is not capable of carrying on its normal functions, any change from a state of health |
| What is an acute disease? | Is an illness in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short periods |
| What is a chronic disease? | Is an illness that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for a long periods |
| What is enzootic? | Is an endemic disease among animals |
| What is epidemiology? | Is the study of the distribution and determinants of heath conditions and events among populaton and the application of this study to the control of health problems |
| What is epizootic | Is an epidemic among animals |
| What is an etiology? | Is the study of the factors that cause disease and the method of their introduction to the host |
| What is a host? | Is a person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions |
| What is a hypothesis? | Is a testible theory designed to explain the observed distribution, (person, place, time) and the environmental situation that prevailed during the time of the disease |
| What is immunity? | Is the resistance that is usually associated with possession of antibodies having a specific action on the microorganisms concerned with a particular infectious disease or on its toxins |
| Types of Immunity | ◘ Passive immunity ◘ Active immunity |
| What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity | The difference is • Passive immunity Is attained either naturally by maternal transfer, or artificially by inoculation of specific protective antibodies (convalescent or hyper-immune serum) and is of brief duration (days or months) • Active immunity is attained either naturally by infection with or without clinical manifestations, or artificially by inoculation with fractions or products of the infectious disease itself in killed, modified or variant form lasting months to years Ex: Yellow fever |
| What is an infection? | Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
| Types of infections | ◘Subclinical infection ◘ Local infection ◘ General infection |
| What is a subclinical infection? | An infection that does not cause a noticeable illness |
| What is a local infection? | Is an infection in which pathogens limited to a small area of the body Ex.: MRSA |
| What is a general infection? | Is an infection that affects many parts or all of the body |
| Which is the difference between Communicable period and Incubation period. | The difference is: • Communicable period is the time interval during which the disease may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected peron or animal to a new susceptible host • Incubation period Is a time interval between the initial exposure to an infectious agent and the development of the first clinical symptoms or confirmation of the disease. |
| What is an infectious agent? | Is an organism that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease |
| What is pathogenicity? | Is the capability of an infectious agent to cause disease in a susceptible host |
| What is a reservoir? | Is any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance (or combination of these) in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host |
| What is resistance to disease? | Is the sum total of body mechanisms which interpose barriers to the progress of invasion or multiplication of infectious agent or to damage by their toxic products |
| What is susceptibility? | Is vulnerability or lack of resistance |
| What is virulence? | Is the degree of pathogenicity of an infectious agent, indicated by case fatality rates and/or its ability to invade and damage tissues of the host |
| What is zoonosis? | Is an infection or an infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man |
| What is the purpose of the epidemiological studies? | ◘ To determine the etiology of the disease and its frequency in the poblation ◘ It evaluate the consistency of the epidemiological data with etiological hypothesis ◘ It provides the basis for developing and evaluating preventive procedures and public health practices ◘ It improves the understanding of health and dsease |
| What is a cohort studies (prospective)? | Is a defined population in which there are individuals or groups with differing levels of exposure status |
| Cohort studies are used for? | Is used to evaluate an outbreak for a well defined group (gastroenteritis on a small ship) |
| How is the population at risk studied during the cohort studies? | ◘ Study the disease development over time, all subject must be free from disease at the start of study ◘ The population is the followed over time until death, onset of disease, or end point (time). |
| What is a case control studies (retrospective)? | It compares study groups who are selected on the basis of whether or not they have a particular disease under study: - Presence of disease: Study group - No signs of disease: Control group |
| What does the control group should represent? | It should represent the population that the disease comes from. It could be: - Neighbors of cases - Patients from a same hospital who do not have the disease - Friends of cases |
| What is the experimental studies (intervention) | In this study individuals are enrolled on basis of exposure status but reseachers allocate treatment at random |
| Which are the classification of the experimental studies (intervention) | ◘ Therapeutic ◘ Preventive |
| Therapeutic (secondary prevention) | Is conducted to determine the ability of an agent or procedure to diminish symptoms, prevent recurrence, and decrease risk of death |
| Preventive (primary prevention) | Is conducted to evaluate whether the agent or procedure reduces the risk of developing disease among those free from that condition at enrollment |
| In how many groups is preventive (primary prevention) divided? | It divide in two groups: ◘ Exposure: study group ◘ Non-exposure: control group |
| What is the chain of infection? | Is the sequence of events which must take place in order for perpetuation of communicable disease |
| How can the chain of infection be? | It can be broken by eliminating any one link in the chain |
| What is agent? | Is an organism that cause the disease. |
| Which are the agents that cause disease | ◘ Virus ◘ Bacteria ◘ Fungus ◘ Protozoa ◘ Helminth (worms) |
| What is the difference between Epidemic, Endemic and Pandemic | The difference is: • Epidemic is an occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a particular period • Endemic It is the constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic or population • Pandemic is an epidemic on a worldwide scale |
| Types of reservoir | ◘ Humans • Symptomatic persons • Carriers ◘ Animals: Zoonoses ◘ Environment : Plants, Soil and water |
| Who represent the principal reservoir for human pathogens | The animal kingdom |
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