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Creatinine Protein metabolite found in skeletal muscle and excreted in urine Glucose Not normally found in urine Sodium It reabsorption occurs with potassium efflux Urea Detoxified ammonia compound Uric acid Nitrogenous waste product from RNA metabolism Juxtaglomerular cells Specialized baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors) Juxtamedullary nephrons Long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla Macula densa cells Specialized chemoreceptors Fibrous capsule Prevents infection from other areas spreading to the kidneys Renal fascia Anchors kidneys Renal medulla Composed of cone-shaped dark-red masses Renal cortex Light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule Minor calyces Small cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids Renal pelvis Flat funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter Glomerulus Large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron Renal corpuscles Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, collectively Fenestrate Capillary pores of the glomerulus Podocytes Specialized, branches epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption Descending limb Major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis Ascending limb Sodium is reabsorbed actively in this region Distal convoluted tubule Sodium and water are reaborbed under hormonal influence in this region Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Force of blood against the walls of glomerular capillaries Colloid osmotic pressure Force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space Capsular hydrostatic pressure Pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluid coming out of the glomerulus Net filtration pressure The sum of all pressures that act at the level of the glomerulus responsible for formation of filtrate Myogenic mechanism Afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism Drop in flow rate thru the nephron or a rise in the osmolarity of filtrate triggers regulation by this mechanism Sympathetic branch Neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms Renin-angiotensin system Drop in systemic blood pressure trgigers the release of an enzyme by the kidneys, the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory systems ADH Regulates water reasorption at the distal convoluted tubule Aldosterone Promotes reaborption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule Renin Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of antiotensin I Angiotensin II Powerful vasoconstrictor that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone Erythrocytes Usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract Glucose Elevated levels are expected in a diabetic Ketone bodies Elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus Proteins Often seen after excessive physical exertion or working out Afferent arterioles Blood vessels leading directly into the glomerulus Peritubular capillaries Capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron Segmental arteries Frist branches of the renal artery after it enters the hilum of the kidney Efferent aretrioles Specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus Interlobar artery In the renal sinus Arcurate artery Between the cortex and medulla Renal vein Exiting the kidney Surrounding the loop of Henle Vasa recta