OSU PSYCH 100 - Memory Outline
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Memory | Retention of information over time. Is reconstructive; we actively reconstruct this using cues and info available to us. |
| Field memory | memory in which we see the world through our own visual field. |
| Observer memory: | memory in which we see ourselves as an outside observer. |
| The Three Systems of Memory | 1. Sensory Memory 2. Short-term Memory 3.Long-term Memory. Differ along Span and Duration |
| Span | How much information each system can hold. |
| Duration | Over how long a period of time that system can hold information. |
| Sensory Memory | Briefly maintains our perceptions in a 'buffer' area before passing them on to short-term memory. There are two forms of sensory memory; iconic memory and echoic memory. |
| Iconic memory | Visual sensory memory |
| Eidetic imagery | "photographic memory" |
| Echoic memory | Auditory sensory memory. People may also be capable of having eidetic memories for hearing |
| Short-term Memory | The memory store for the info we're currently thinking about, attending to, or actively processing. Acts as "workbench" where manipulation of info occurs. Processes conscious information for long term storage. Also known as working memory. |
| Magic Number | the span of short-term memory. (7 ± 2) letters, words, numbers, or chunks. |
| Chunking | organizing material into meaningful groupings. |
| Rehearsal | Repeating information mentally or out loud |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Repeating something over and over. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way. Makes them more meaningful to you |
| Levels of Processing Model | The more deeply we transform information, the better we tend to remember it. |
| Three levels of processing of verbal info | 1.Visual processing 2.Phonological processing 3.Semantic Processing |
| Visual processing | (most shallow) How text looks |
| Phonological processing | Sound of words in sentence |
| Semantic Processing | (deepest) General meaning of sentence |
| Decay | Gradual fading of information from memory due to passage of time. |
| Interference | Memories compete with each other |
| Retroactive inhibition | New information blocks old information |
| Proactive inhibition | Old information blocks new information |
| Long-term Memory | Sustained retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills. The capacity of our long-term memory is virtually unlimited. Long-term memory errors tend to be semantic. |
| The Serial Position Effect | We tend to remember items at the beginning and the end of long lists. |
| Primacy effect | Superior recall of early words |
| Recency effect | Superior recall of most recent words |
| von Restorff effect | Tend to remember stimuli that are distinctive or stick out from others. |
| Explicit memory: | Information that we can recall intentionally. Two types. Episodic and Semantic. |
| Episodic | Memory for an event where one was present. For example: your 5th birthday |
| Semantic | Memory of generalized knowledge. For example: naming all 50 states |
| Implicit memory | Recalling information without doing it deliberately (not conscious effort; unintentional). Two types. Procedural and Priming. |
| Procedural | Memory of how something is done. For example: riding a bicycle. |
| Priming | Ability to identify a stimulus more easily or quickly when similar stimuli were previously encountered. |
| Three Stages of Long-term Memory | Stage 1: Encoding Stage 2: Storage Stage 3: Retrieval |
| Encoding | The process of getting info into our memory banks. Many memory failures are actually failures of encoding. |
| Next-in-line effect | Preoccupation with what you plan to say affects your memory for what person right before you said. |
| Mnemonics | A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
| Pegword method | use of numbers and words that rhyme |
| Method of loci | use of imagery of places or locations. |
| Keyword method: | use of a word that reminds you of the one you need to remember. Especially relevant when trying to learn a foreign language. |
| Storage | Process of keeping info in memory |
| Schemas | Organized knowledge structures or mental models that we've stored in memory |
| Retrieval | Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores. |
| Retrieval cues | Hints that make it easier for us to recall information |
| Recall | Generating previously remembered info |
| Recognition | Selecting previously remembered info from an array of options |
| Relearning | Reacquiring knowledge that we have previously learned but largely forgotten over time |
| Context-dependent Learning | Superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context. Info retrieved more easily when external environment same as during encoding. |
| State-dependent Learning | Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding. Information retrieved more easily when internal environment same as during encoding. |
| retrospective bias | when our current psychological state can distort memories of our past |
| Long-Term Potentiation | is the gradual strengthening of connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation over time. Occurs primarily in the hippocampus. Glutamate also plays an important role in this process. |
| prefrontal cortex | Memories are stored mostly in this. |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Loss of memories from our past |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Inability to encode new memories from our experiences. Cant form new memories. |
| Flashbulb memories | Emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed |
| Source Monitoring | Ability to identify the origins of a memory |
| Cryptomnesia | Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else. |
| Misinformation effect | Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading info about an event after it happens |
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