| Term | Definition |
| intrusive | the type of igneous rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface |
| extrusive | the type of igneous rock that forms when lava or pyroclastic material cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface |
| strata | layers of sedimentary rock that form from the deposition of sediment |
| stratification | the layering of sedimentary rock |
| foliated | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are aligned like the pages of a book |
| nonfoliated | the texture of metamorphic rock in which mineral grains show no alignment |