| Term | Definition |
| Maximilien Robespierre | head of committee of public safety, reign of terror |
| Marie Antoinette | queen of france, spent money luxuriously, hated |
| Louis XVI | uncertain and weak King of france, married to Marie A, reigned during the beginning of the french revolution |
| capitalism | owned by private individuals |
| El Greco | spanish (originally greek) artist, painted long disfigured characters |
| Escorial | palace of spain |
| Armada | spanish navy |
| Henry IV | made the edict of nantes,went calvin to catholic, first bourbon dynasty |
| Montaigne | developer of modern essay |
| House of Lords | house in parliament, seat passed down |
| Cavaliers | royalist supporter of King Charles during the English Civil war |
| Round Heads | puritan supporters of parliament during the english civil war |
| Oliver Cromwell | puritan leader, military dictator |
| Charles I | King of England tried and put to death, and lost the English civil war |
| John Lock | self government: rights: life liberty and property, government protects+and power comes from consent of people |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | women's freedom |
| Rousseau | free individual freedom government agreement between free individuals |
| Thomas Hobbes | all humans are selfish and wicked, social contact: ruler has all power to keep people under control |
| Voltaire | most brilliant and influential, fought for tolerance, freedom of religion + speech, reason |
| Charles V | Holy roman emperor who opposed Luther, and brought him to diet of worms |
| Restoration | period of Charles II reign |
| House of Commons | lower house in parliament elected |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | emperor of france, great general |
| 1st 2nd 3rd estates | Clergy, Nobility (middle, urban peasants) |
| Elba | first exiled island of Napoleon |
| Waterloo | last battle of Napoleon, fought against prussia and britain |
| Continental System | forbidding allies and conquests of NB trading with great britain |
| Scorched earth policy | burning land and goods to keep out of enemy hands |
| Bastille Day | 14 July 1798, day of storming bastille |
| Napoleonic Code | successful set of laws |
| Congress of Vienna | congress between austria, prussia, great britain, russia, france,to establish long lasting peace and stability |
| Von Metternich | head of congress of vienna |
| Coup d'etat | sudden overthrow of the state |
| Plebiscite | vote of the people |
| Concordat | between the pope and napoleon to restore good relations in France |
| Blockade | method to make europe more self sufficient, and hurt Britain |