Funeral Service History Compend Review Test
About this set
Created by:
jkerfoot1905 on August 8, 2011
Subjects:
history, funeral service, funeral, compend, funeral service history
Description:
Final from first quarter given as review for comps
Classes:
Commonwealth Institute Class of 2012, Cool Study Group, Mid America College of Funeral Service
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270 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Adaptive Funeral Rite | A funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants ot those directly involved; one that has been altered to suit the trneds of times |
| Blended Family | membership consists of one male and one female and the children from their previous marriages and may include children from the present marriage. |
| Bureaucratization | the creation of a system that governs through departments and subdivisions managed by sets of officials following an inflexible routine. |
| Ceremony (ritual) | an instrumental action dealing with death, which is expressional-that is, it is charged with symbolic content expressing, among other things, that attitudes of the prticipants and possible onlookers (passive participants) who may be regarded as co-benficiaries |
| Class | a social grouping which members possess roughly equivalent culturally valued attributes |
| Cohabitants | two unrelated adults of the opposite sex sharing the same living quarters |
| Contemporary | living or happening in the same time period |
| Cultural Relativism | the emotional attitude that all cultures are equal and pertinent |
| Culture Universal | abstract patterns of living and dying which are identifiable in all cultures |
| Customs | social behavior as dictated by the tradition of the people |
| Dempographic | pertaining to demography; science of vital statistics of populations |
| Egaltarian | male and female have equal rights, duties, and governing power |
| Memorial Service | funeral rites with the body not present |
| Mores | must-behavior; the basic and importat patterns of ideas and acts of people as related to treatment of the dead which call for a strong reaction from society if violated |
| Rite | any event performed in a solemn and prescribed manner |
| Funeral | rites with the body present |
| Family of Origin | the family into which you are born |
| Nuclear Family | membership within a household includes one man, one woman, and their children; if any |
| Funeralikzation | a process involving all activities associated with final disposition |
| Anubis | Egyptian god of Embalming said to be human form with the head of a jackal |
| Bier | forerunner of today's hearse |
| Bloodletting | belief of practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease |
| Cortege | funeral procession |
| Cremation | method of disposing of the dead human body via fire, first attributed to the ancient greeks |
| Coffin | from the Greek word "kofinos", utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape |
| Edwin Chadwick | English investigator of mass corruption in regard to English burial practices who recommended that cemetaries be municipalized and that religious rites be simplified and standardized in 1842 |
| Burial Club | created in 1800s London by the 'poor' people as means to afford funerals; forerunner for insurance today |
| Cooling Board | portable table on which the body was placed while the corpse cooler was in use; later became the embalming table |
| Dr. Thomas Homles | "Father of Modern Embalming" |
| John Hunter | Scottish anatomist credited with the discovery of "Hunters Canal" |
| Dr. Richard Harvey | discovered the circulation of the blood |
| Elysian fields | in Greek mythology, the greek version of heaven |
| Funeralis | Latin for torchlight procession; word "funeral" is derived from this |
| August Hoffman | credited with the discov ery of the chemical formaldehyde |
| Libitina | the ancient Roman goddess of corpses and funerals |
| Anton von Leewnhoek | inventor ofthe microscope- "Father of Microbiology" |
| Marcello Malpigi | "Father of Histology", the study of tissues |
| Praeco | aka crier |
| Osiris | Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead |
| Dr. Auguste Renouard | author of The UNdertaker's Manual, the first book published a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven |
| Soul Shot | mortuary fee paid to insure the entrance of the deceased soul into heaven |
| Joel Crandall | 1912, New York, developing Restorative Art |
| Frederick Ruysch | considered the "Father of Embamling" the first to refine the technique of arterial injection of preservative into the vascular system |
| The first secular funeral director in the western world | Litibinarius |
| Cremation first gained widespread acceptance and practice in: | Ancient Greece |
| The Roman funeral was typically carried out by: | Public officials and paid secular funcionaries |
| To keep down the cost of funerals in the Middle Ages, people often formed: | Burial Clubs |
| The man generally credited with the term "Father of Bacteriology" was: | Anthony von Leewenhoek |
| A man named Chadwick issued a landmark report and supplement after three years of study. The report discussed: | The deplorable conditions of English Cemetaries |
| The man who translated Jean Gannal's history of embalming in 1834 and thereby made embalming available to the American public: | Dr. Richard Harlan |
| An above-groud structure containing crypts for casketed remains is a: | Mausoleum |
| The agency responsable for production, administration, and integrity of the National Board Examination is the: | Internation Conference of Funeral Service of Examining Boards |
| The first major attempt to establish requirements, tests, and licenses for the embalmers in the US was: | Order Concerning Embalmers |
| Dr. Thomas Holmes is credited with the 19th century development of: | Chemical Embalming |
| In ancient Egypt, to prepare a body for burial, it was immerses in: | Natrin |
| In Egyptian embamling practice, canopic jars were used to store: | Viscera |
| The author of The Undertaker's Manual, the first book published specifically AS AN EMBALMING TEXTBOOK IN THE U.S., WAS: | Dr. Austust Renouard |
| Evisceration | to disembowel or to remove the organs |
| Immersion | to dip or place in fluid |
| Funeral customs are as old as the history of man, prceding such more recent developments as the: | treatment of disease, the formation of governments, and the even formation of definite religious beliefs |
| What are the six eras of Human history: | Eolithic, Paleolithic, Neolithic, Ancient, Medieval, Modern |
| What is the Eolithic Period: | the earliet period of assumed human existance |
| What is the Paleolithic Period: | first to have funeral, first to record pictographs of burials, utilized |
| The stone age is also known as the: | Paleolithic Period |
| What is the other name for the Neolithic Period | Iron Age |
| What period was between 30,000 and 6000 | Neolithic |
| What period was between 6000 and 600AD: | Ancient |
| What is the alternate names for the Medieval period: | Dark ages and Middle Ages |
| What time period was embalming first performed | Dark/Middle/Medieval |
| What time frame does the Dark/Middle/Medieval take place: | 600-1850 |
| In the Modern Period what made Embalming widespread over the U.S. | American Civil War |
| Who is the "The Father of Modern Embalming" | Dr. Holmes |
| Pagan | one who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material goods |
| Heathen | an irreligious or hedonistic person; in ancient Rome, a follower of a polytheistic religion |
| Who took care of their deceased by throwing their dead to a horde of dogs that lived outside the city walls: | Mongolians |
| Herodutus | a greek who is known as the "Father of History" |
| Who immersed the body of the dead in earthen jars filled with honey or wax: | Babylonians |
| Who placed their deceased in a squating position: | Peruvians |
| Who created mummies that were referred to as Xaxos: | Guanches |
| What is a Tabona: | a flint stone knife |
| Who is given credit for discovering embalming: | Egyptians |
| What is the primary reason for Egyptian embalming: | religion |
| Circle of Necessity | Ancient Egyptian belief that the soul had to take a 3,000 year journey and return to the body. |
| After the Circle of Necessity was complete where did the soul and body live: | with the gods |
| Where did the 3,000 year journey take place: | to the sun and back |
| What is the secondary purpose of embalming for the Egyptians: | Sanitation |
| Period of Inundation | the annual overflow of the Nile River |
| What may have had a major impact on the decision to Embalm: | Plague |
| The Book of the Dead is also known as: | "Book of Spells" and "Book of breathings" |
| Who believed that humans developed from 6 key elements: | Egyptians |
| What are the 6 key elements that Egyptians believe we are made from: | Sheut (shadow), Ren or Name, Ka, Ba, Ib or heart, and Akh |
| What is the Sheut: | alter ego |
| What is the Ren or Name | gave the person identity |
| Ka | Spirit |
| Ba | soul or personality |
| Ib or Heart | Heart is the key |
| Akh can be refered to as: | Yakhu |
| Osiris | Egyptian god of the Underworld |
| Osiris is also known as | god of resurrection, god of fertility, and god of the nile |
| Ra | Sun God |
| The Egyptians can be considered: | Sun worshipers |
| Set | God of Chaos |
| Anubis | Egyptian god of embalming |
| Horus | God of the Sky |
| Sarcophaguses | early coffin cut from single mass of stone to protect from grave robbers |
| describe a sarcophaguse | large, rectagular, and sometimes referred to as a coffin |
| What did the Egyptian Embalming process require in aspect of personel | priest, surgeon, scribe, dissector, apothecary servant |
| Who recorded the first egyptian ambalming procedures: | Herodotus |
| What procedure was the most expensive method: | First |
| What percentage of Egyptians utilized the first embalming method: | 2 |
| What are the steps to the 1st embalming technique: | Removal of the brain, evisceration, immersion on natron, removal of natron solution, and bangage and spice |
| What step in the first method of Egyptian Embalming is considered the most expensive: | bandage and spice |
| Immersion in natron was recommended for: | twenty to seventy days |
| The second procedure for egyptian embalming involved: | cedar oil in the abdomen to disolve the viscera |
| The third method was used by what percentage of egyptians: | 80% |
| Molten Bitumen | asphalt |
| Who were the four canopic jars names after: | the Four sons of Horus |
| What are the four canopicjars: | Duemutef, Qebehsenuef, Hapi, Imseti |
| What are details of the Duamutef jar: | Jackal, East, Stomach |
| Qebehsenuef represents: | West, Falcon, Intestines |
| Hapi is for: | North, Lungs, Baboon |
| What does Imseti represent: | South, Human, Liver |
| Anthropoid: | human shaped |
| Who is attributed the popularity of the anthropoidal coffin: | Osiris |
| Who is most influenced by the Egyptian coffin: | Romans |
| Who was in total control and directed the funeral procession and the interment service: | Kher-Heb/priest |
| Necropolis: | City of the Dead |
| What was just outside the city and contained proper burial, mortuary temples abd residences of mortuary workers: | Necropolis |
| Where was embalming performed in Egypt: | Necropolis |
| What was the most desirable mode of disposition to the Egyptians: | Entombment |
| Subterranean: | Body existance beneath the earth |
| When a mortal died they were lead to Hades by: | Hermes |
| What river did the Greek dead have to cross: | Styx |
| What was the Ferrymans name on the Styx River: | Charon |
| The coin placed in the deceased mouth: | Obol |
| The entrance to Hades was guarded by: | Cererbus |
| What is Cerebus: | 3 headed dog |
| What is Hades | place of the Greek Afterlife |
| Tartarus: | where Zeus exiled the Titans and Giants as punishment for have battled him |
| Erebus: | neither good nor bad, a place of darkness, shadowy afterlife |
| Elysian Fields: | One who lived a good or heroic life could be rewarded by being sent here |
| Dionysius: | God of wine and fertility |
| What was believe to show the first seed of the belief in an immortal soul: | Worship of Dionysius |
| The Greeks are given credit for the introduction of: | Cremation |
| Professional Mourners | due to the fear that the dead might be jealous, the ancient Romans and Greeks hired persons (often women) to shriek, tear their hair, and rend garments |
| Cortege | funeral procession |
| Bier | forerunner to today's hearse |
| Graves classified tombs into 4 catagories: | Stelae, Klones, Trapezae, Naidia |
| Stelae are: | upright slabes of stone |
| Kiones: | columns |
| Trapezae | square cut |
| Naidia: | temple like tombs |
| Epicureans: | a philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus |
| What theory states that the body and the soul are composed of atoms and simply degerate at death: | Epicureans |
| Cremation and Burial are practiced by: | Romans |
| What was the normal practie during the period of the Republic and the first century after Christ: | Cremation |
| Under the Roman Empire fire burial was replaced by | inhumation (interment) |
| Why did the Roman burials take place outside the walls of Rome: | Sanitation |
| Extramural burial | burial outside the walls of the city |
| Columbarium | a structure of vaults lines with recesses/niches for cinerary/cremation urns which contained the cremated ashes of the dead |
| Who laid their dead out in a toga: | Romans |
| Pollinctores | name of the ancient Roman embalmers |
| Libitina | Ancient Roman Goddess of corpses and funerals |
| Praeco | aka crier |
| Praeco: | a special funeral functionary in Ancient Rome who summoned participants to a public funeral |
| What funeral procession was NOT a simple nor uniformly standarized for all classes of society | Rhe Roman Funeral |
| What is the focal point of a Roman funeral: | Torchbearer |
| What must be accomplished at a ROman Committal service: | dedication of burial grounds, washing of the hands, casting earth on the remains by the family of the deceased |
| Conclamatio mortis | calling out of the dead |
| Constantine | 1st Christian Emperor/ruler |
| Catacombs: | tombs of weathly Christians; later became a place for religious rites to avoid presecution |
| Sumptuary Laws | a body of mortuary laws |
| Hebrews said man was created from what 2 elements: | Basar and Nefresh |
| What is Basar: | flash |
| What is Nefresh: | Breath |
| What is the land of the dead where the soul awaited the judgement day: | Sheol |
| Chevrah Kadisha: | Holy Brotherhood |
| What was a major break in tradtion for the jews and Christians: | The Kiss of Peace |
| The wake was originated in the practice of who | Hebrew |
| Vigil of Death is also known as | Wake |
| Jewish funeral cutsoms are noted for their: | simplicity |
| What is the strict Jewish section: | Orthodox |
| Kriah | rending or tearing of the garments |
| Shiva | 7 days mourning period |
| Sholoshim | 30 day mourning period |
| What are the 4 varieties of Hebrew graves: | Trench, Sunken, Bench, and Chamber |
| What is the most common and oldest form of Hebrew grave: | Chamber |
| What is true regarding Ancient Jewish funerals: | No cremation, Embalming not practiced, and in the start caskets and outer burial containers where not used |
| In the Jewish faith, women did not always: | prepare the dead body |
| Cannon Law: | the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by eccliastical authority, for the governemtn of the Christian organization and its members |
| Who were the 1st people to dress their dead in white: | Christians |
| The Purgatorial Doctrine is said to have: | stated that the soul must be cleansed before reaching heaven and led to the formation of the Leagues of Prayer |
| Paraboini | people who risked their lives caring for the sick with contagious diseases |
| laborantes | lectarii, fossarli, sandapilarii |
| Lectarii | dug graves |
| Fossarli | carried coffins |
| Sandapilarii | placed remains in the ground |
| Who cremated their dead along with their possessions: | Norhtern Europeans |
| Valhalla | the place that the Scandinavians reffered toas the Land of the Dead |
| Valkyries | supernatural guardian women, necessary for the psirit to maintain the position held on earth |
| Requiem Mass | a mass honoring the deceased is usually sung on the day of burial, the following anniversaires, and the 3rd, 7th, and 30 days |
| Burial trends during the middle ages were influenced greatly by the: | church |
| catafalque: | a raised platform used for a body ot lie in state |
| soul shot | mortuary fee paid to insure the entrance of the decedent's soul into heaven |
| Leagueas of Prayer | lay the persons to bury and pray for the souls of the faithfully departed |
| Who was known for their light-hearted wakes: | Medieval Irish |
| Effigy: | life-size wax creation |
| Great Plague of London | Middle Ages |
| What was a effect from the Great Plague of London: | crowded cemetaries |
| In 1563 how many people were dying a week | 5000 |
| Until 1665, ordinary people where buried how: | without a coffin, in plain earth |
| As the Middle Ages drew to a close there as a tendency for the funerals to become more: | ostentatious and expensive |
| Burial in Woolen Act of 1666: | required that woolen cloth be substituted for lenin in the shroud lining of the coffin |
| What time period does the Burial of Woolen Act take place: | Middle Ages |
| What time period had a preoccupation with the physical side of death: | Medieval Period |
| Charnel House | vault or building where skeletal remains are stored |
| Sexton | Church caretaker who responsibility for church property, ringing the bells, and funeral practices were under the direction of the church officials |
| Independant Bone Burial | a social development during the middle ages where the bodies of the deceased noble were sperated and the bones brought back to the home in a chest |
| Barber-Surgeon Guild: | sole agency to perform embalming and anatomical dissections in the city of London from 1540-1745 |
| Leonardo de Vinci | painted the last super |
| Leonardo de Vinci: | dissected over 50 cadavers from which he developed ovr 750 magificent anatomical plates |
| Leonardo de vinci needed to embalm his cadavers to study and in doing so he discovered: | venous injection |
| Dr. Frederick Ruysch | "Father of Embalming" |
| Dr. William Hunter: | 1st to adopt arterial injection as a means of preservation |
| Dr. William Harvey: | discovered the circulation of the blood in the year 1628 |
| During the Feudal Period funrals hit a peak in: | Heraldry and pomp |
| Furnishing undertakers: | provided supplies and merchandise |
| Funerl Undertaker: | provided services |
| A preoccupation with death and its macrbe thoughts about rotting corpses became prsent in the: | Medieval Period |
| Medieval Period there was a preoccupation with: | rotting corpses and mcrbre thoughts of rotting corpses |
| What practice began in the middle ages by the Christians and carried over into the colonies: | Pall |
| Chadwicks repart stated that: | cemetaries muc be municipalized, trade cemetaries abolished, religious funeral rites to be simplified and standardized, and medical officer to certifie death |
| Cadwick's report in 1842 said that what city had unsanitary conditions created by burial, high costs of funerals and the first deaath certificate: | London |
| By the end of what century did the undertakers gather functions previously of multi-jobs in to one: | 19th |
| Tombstones inteh Colonial America were engraved with what: | Epitaphs |
| Prior performers of the personal service were: | nurses, cabinet-makers, livery, and layers out of the dead |
| Fisk-Metallic Coffin | patented in 1848 as a form-fitting air0-tight metallic coffin designed to improve the body and preserve, glass plate for viewing |
| Who got the rights to the Fisk casket in 1853: | Crane and Barnes |
| Style E state Coffin: | cloth covered coffin designed to ex-president U.S. Grant by Stein Coffin Company in 1885 helpd elvate acceptance of cloth covered caskets |
| Jean Gannal: | Book of History of Emablming |
| Who translated the Book of History of Emblming | Harlan |
| What lead to the increase demand for embalming: | Lincoln's funeral and Civil War |
| "Father of bacteriology" | Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek |
| inventors of funeral transportation: | Cunningham, Samson, Crane and Breed |
| Embalming school names: | Renouard, Harlan, Clark, Dodge |
| Joel Crandall is the father of what | restorative art |
| In the 1890's the term casket replaced: | coffin |
| The sahpe of the coffin changed to what in the 180-'s: | rectangular |
| In the 1890's the image of the deceased was said to be: | "sleeping person" |
| Attitude changed from gloomy to | beauty |
| Allen Durfee was responsable for finding: | Michigan Funeral Directors Association and very intramental in finding the NFDA |
| Undertakers Mutual Protective Association | first formal organization of undertakers, Philidelpia, January 1864 |
| Drummers | traveling salesman who went from town to town selling their products |
| The year 1628 is associated with which great event in the history of embalming: | Discovery of Blood Circulation |
| Who is responsable for bringing the modern embalming techniques to the U.S. | Harlan |
| A "sin-eater" was associated with: | Middle Ages |
| The "designator" in ancient Rome was also reffered to as: | Master of Ceremonies |
| What didthe Egyptians believe was the center of the universe: | The Sun |
| Greek historian known as "The Father of History": | Herodotus |
| The "Guild of All Souls" was established in: | London |
| The roman head undertaker was referred to as: | Libitinarious |
| The person who developed formaldehyde in 1868: | Hofmann |
| Who usually had their funeral procession in the night: | Romans |
| the deceased Hebrews dressed in: | their best attire |
| The individual ro recieve the first American patent on a metallic coffin (1836) was | James A. Gray |
| A long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by a widow during the Middle Ages, resembeling a beard: | Barbe |
| A term that represents a common complication of healing: | adhesions |
| The incisive fossa is a depression associated with: | mandible |
| The account that provides a current or future benefit to the business is properly termed: | an asset account |
| What part of the brain controls equilibrium: | Cerebellum |
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