| Term | Definition |
| Phillip II | King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. |
| Absolute Monarch | A king or queen with complete authority over the government, people, economy, and laws of his / her nation-state; he or she is "above the law." This was THE political system in Europe from the 1500s - 1700s. |
| Divine Right | God gives the monarch the right to rule. The monarch is God's representative on earth. If you disobey the monarch, it is treason; if you disobey God, it is a sin. Absolute monarchs used this to justify rule. |
| Reconquista | The Reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state. |