Kinesiology chapter 2
Order by
100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Osteology | the study of bones |
| Red bone marrow | loose connective tissue found in the interior cavity of certain types of bones where blood cells are made |
| Hematopoiesis | process of blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow |
| calcium | mineral that is stored in bones, making up their cement along with phosphate. It is utilized in several chemical processes in the body, including maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood, transmitting nerve impulses, assisting in muscle contractions, maintaining blood pressure, and initiating blood clotting following injury. |
| phosphate | mineral that is stored in bones, making up their cement along with calcium |
| Wolff's Law | principle that describes the adaptations of bone as a result of stresses placed upon them, such as compression from gravity and tesion from muscles and ligaments |
| Osteoporosis | pathology that results from depletion of bone minerals such as calcium and phosphate characterized by porous bone with decreased density |
| Spongy bone | a three-dimensional latticework of porous bony tissue filled with red bone marrow |
| Compact bone | dense portion of bone made up of concentric lamellar osteons and iterstitial lamellae |
| Osteocyte | bone cell |
| Osteoblasts | fibroblasts that secrete the proteins that make up the fibers in the extracellular matrix of bone. |
| Osteoclast | bone cells that break down old bone |
| Bone | type of supporting connective tissue made up of collagen fibers and minerals that form the skeleton |
| Trabeculae | osseous struts that form and reform according to lines of stress and work like braces |
| Lacunae | tiny cavities within the bone matrix that house osteocytes |
| Lamellae | concentric circles of lacunae wrapped around central Haversian canals |
| Haversian canals | longitudinal canals that allow blood vessels and nerves to traverse compact bone |
| Osteon | functional unit of bone comprised of the lamellae and Haversian canals. Also called a Haversian system |
| Canaliculi | tiny canals that radiate from the central Haversian canals and bring microscopic blood vessels and nerve branches to outlying osteocytes. |
| Volkmann's canals | Channels that run perpendicular to the Haversian canals in compact bone and complete the pathway from the surface of the bone to its interior. Also called perforating canals. |
| Periosteum | dense connective tissue that surrounds bone, nourishing and protecting it. |
| Axial skeleton | division of skeleton comprised of the bones of the head and trunk, including the skull and associated bones, hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Has 80 bones |
| Appendicular skeleton | division of the skeleton comprised of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. |
| shoulder girdle | includes the clavicle and scapula |
| upper limb | includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. |
| pelvic girdle | includes the coxal bone (coxa means hip), which is actually three fused bones (the ilium, ischium, and pubis). |
| lower limb | includes the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. |
| long bones | type of bone that is longer than it is wide and characterized by a distinct shaft and bumpy ends |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone made up of compact bone with yellow bone marrow filling the center |
| epiphysis | bumpy end of a long bone that is composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone. |
| medullary cavity | central cavity of a long bone diaphysis that contains bone marrow. |
| epiphyseal plate | region where the epiphysis of a long bone meets the diaphysis. Also called a growth plate. |
| ossification | process where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone tissue produced by osteoblasts. |
| short bones | cube-shaped bones composed mainly of spongy bone that allow fine, gliding movements. |
| sesamoid bone | bone that is encased in tendon and functions to improve the leverage and strength of muscles that it contacts. |
| flat bones | type of bone that is thin, formed by issification of a fibrous network, and includes the sternum, ilium, and several cranial bones. The spongy bone at the center of these is where hematopoiesis occurs. |
| irregular bones | uniquely shaped bones, including the vertebrae and facial bones. |
| depressions | basins and channels in bone that house muscles, tendons, nerves, and vessels. |
| openings | holes and channels in bone that allow passage of nerves, vessels, muscles, and tendons. They also create air-filled cavities called sinuses. |
| fossa | shallow depression, one is found at the distal end of the humerus and another one found in the ilium of the pelvis |
| sulcus (groove) | a narrow, elongated depression like that found between the two tubercles of the proximal humerus |
| fissure | a cleft somewhat like an enlarged crack or slit in a bone. |
| foramen | a small to large, usually circular opening in a bone |
| Meatus | a tiny passageway in bone |
| projection | a bump found on a bone that helps form joints. |
| condyle | rounded end of a bone that forms a joint. |
| facet | flat projection of bone that forms a joint |
| head | large, round projection at the end of a long bone that forms a joint. |
| crest | long, narrow soft-tissue attachment site on a bone. others are the line and ridge. |
| line | long, narrow soft-tissue attachment site on a bone. others are the crest and ridge |
| ridge | long, narrow soft-tissue attachment site on a bone. others are the crest and line |
| tubercle | rounded attachment site on a bone. others are the tuberosity and trochanter |
| tuberosity | rounded attachment site on a bone. others are the tubercle and trochanter |
| trochanter | rounded attachment site on a bone. others are the tubercle and tuberosity |
| epicondyle | projection on a long bone near the articular end, above the condyle |
| process | prominence where soft tissue connects to the bone |
| spine | short, sharp, thornlike process of bone |
| joint | place of union between bones |
| Arthrology | study of joints |
| fibrous joints | stable union between bones with minimal joint cavity and collagen-dense connective tissue holding the bones tightly together. |
| sutures | continuous periosteal connections between bones. |
| syndesmosis | fibrous joints held together with cord or sheet of connective tissue |
| gomphoses | specific fibrous joints at which teeth fit into sockets in the jaw. |
| cartilaginous joints | slightly moveable joints with cartilage separating the articular surfaces of adjacent bones. |
| synovial joint | lubricant found in bursae and synovial joints that decreases friction and creates gliding movements between structures. |
| synarthrotic joints | joints where articulation surfaces are very close together. |
| synostosis | osseous union between the bones forming a joint |
| diarthrotic joints | joint characterized by large joint cavity. |
| amphiarthrotic joints | joint surrounded by pliable structure such as ligament or fibrocartilage. |
| syndesmosis | fibrous joints held together with cord or sheet of connective tissue |
| symphsis | fibrocartilaginous union between the bones forming a joint. |
| joint capsule | network of dense connective tissue that wraps around an entire joint |
| fibrous capsule | outer portion of a synovial joint capsule that provides stability and protection for the joints. |
| synovial membrane | inner portion of a synovial joint capsule that produces synovial fluid |
| synovial fluid | lubricant found in bursae and synovial joints that decreases friction and creates gliding movements between structures |
| joint cavity | space between articulating surfaces of bones. |
| bursa | small flattened sacs of synovial fluid that decreases friction between structures. |
| synovial sheath | surround long tendons in the hands and feet. |
| ball and socket joint | synovial joint characterized by a spherical head on one bone fitting into a rounded cavity on another. |
| triaxial | able to move in all three planes of mation (sagittal frontal and transverse) |
| hinge joints | synovial joint characterized by a cylindrical prominence on one bone that fits into a corresponding depression on another. |
| uniaxial | able to move in a single plane of motion. |
| pivot joint | synovial joint characterized by a cylindricasl segment of bone that fits into a corresponding cavity of another. |
| condyloid joint | Oval shape of one bone fits into the depression of the other bone, allows for motion and a lot of angles |
| biaxial | able to move in two planes of motion. |
| saddle joints | synovial joint characterized by two bony surfaces that are concave in one direction and convix in the other. |
| gliding joints | synovial joint characterized by flat articulating surfaces that allow small planar movement. |
| non axial | are capable to slip or gliding since is not access around wich movement can occured. they are linear instead angular , movement also occurs secondary to other motion (between carpar and tarsal joint) |
| physiological movement | gross movements of joints through the cardinal planes. |
| accessory motion | movement of a joint's articulating surfaces relative to each other. |
| joint play | the amount of slack or give in the joint capsule and ligaments that surround a joint |
| roll | accessory joint motion that occurs when a series of points on one bony surface come in contact with a corresponding series of points on another. |
| glide | accessory motion that occurs when a point on one bony surface comes in contact with a series of points on another. |
| spin | accessory motion that occurs when one surface rotates clock wise or counterclock wise around a stationary longitudinal axis. |
| convex | rounded outward |
| concave | rounded inward |
| tendon | convergence of the dense connective tissue of myofascia that connects muscle to bone. |
| ligament | fibrous structure made of dense connective that connects bones to each other |
| dislocation | displacement of normal bone formation at a joint |
| lordosis | anterior curvature of the spine |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.