Bacterial Cell Structure
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Created by:
vcoleman2010 on August 16, 2011
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Objectives: 1) List the three parts of bacterial taxonomy. 2) Compare and contrast gram-positive, gram-negative and Acid Fast cell envelopes with regards to structure and chemical composition 3) Describe the Gram stain procedure 4) List the 3 components of bacterial cell envelopes that are highly to (see more)
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Math / Symbols | English |
|---|---|
 List the three parts of bacterial taxonomy? | 1) Archae 2) Eukyra 3) Bacteria |
| What is the concept of taxonomic rank and what is the order from highest to lowest? (7) | highest- 1) Domain 2) Phylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Genus 7) Species lowest |
| What is a way to remember the bacterial taxonomic rank system? | Damn PHISH Caught Ordinary Flu Going South |
| What are some typical bacterial cell membrane components? | 1) flagellum 2) pili 3) capsule 4) cell envelope |
| What role do flagella, pili and capsules play in bacterial virulence? (3) | 1) capsules - adherence/attachment 2) flagella - getting away from immune system 3) pili - attachment to surfaces |
| What are the three parts of bacterial taxonomy? | 1)classification 2) identification 3) nomenclature |
| What is classification? | orderly arrangement of bacteria into groups |
| What is identification? | practical use of classification criteria to distinguish certain types of bacteria from others |
| What is nomenclature? | the means by which characteristics of a species are defined and communicated among microbiologists |
| What are the different ways you can classify bacterial cells according to the way they look? (2) | 1) way the cell is shaped (morphology) 2) cell arrangement |
| What is the primary function of flagella on bacteria? | motility to nutrients or away from toxic chemicals |
| What does clockwise movement of flagella cause? | tumbling |
| What does counterclockwise movement of flagella cause? | straight line movement |
| What is the main difference between fimbrae and sex pili? (structure and function) | fimbrae- numerous short and thin and are for cell attachment sex pili- are longer, thicker and less numerous and are for mating |
| What are the four functions of bacterial capsules? | 1) cell attachment 2) source of growth substrates 3) resistance to phagocytosis and dessication 4) influence tissue trophism |
| What are the two mainways that bacteria differ in terms of their cell envelope? | 1) amount of peptidoglycan 2) lipids |
| Order the three types of bacteria according to their peptidoglycan layer thickness? | gram pos >>> gram neg = acid fast |
| Match the type of bacteria with their lipoprotein? gram positive | gram pos - lipotehichoic acid and teichoic acid |
| Match the type of bacteria with their lipoprotein? gram neg | lipopolysaccaride |
| Match the type of bacteria with the lipoprotein? acid-fast | mycolic acid, arabinogalactan, sulfolipids |
| What is on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? (3) | 1) LPS 2) porins 3) lipoprotein |
| What is on the inner membrane of gram negative bacteria? (3) | it IS the cytoplasmic membrane 1) nutrient xporters 2) electron transport chain 3) biosynthetic enzymes for LIPS and peptidoglycan |
| So which is the type of bacteria cell with multiple layers? | gram negative is the one that has the multiple layers |
| What are the two alternating sugars that form the backbone of peptidoglycan? | N acetyleglucosamine (NAG) N acetylmuramic acid (NAMA) |
| What are the steps of the gram stain? (5) | 1) Add crystal violet 2) Add iodine 3) Decolorize with alcohol and acetone 4) Add safranin |
| When does the gram negative organism lose the christal violet? | after you add the alcohol-aceton and decolorize |
| What does the gram neg cell look after you add safranin? | red |
| What does the gram positive cell look like after you add safranin? | violent/purple |
| What are the general steps of peptidoglycan biosyntehsis? (3) | 1) insid ethe cell the precursor is synthesized 2) transport across the plasma membrane 3) final assembly and cross linkage |
| What are the two antibiotics that work on step one of the peptidoglycan synthesis cascade? | 1) fosfomycin 2) cycloserine |
| Where does fosfomycin work in the peptidoglycan synthesis cascade? | fosfomycin is a PEP analog inhibiting UDB muramic acid biosyntehsis |
| Where does cycloserine work in the peptidoglycan synthesis cascade? | analog of D alanine and competitively inhibits the conversion of L-alanine to D-alanine and the synthesis of D-ala and D-ala |
| What must happen to the fosfomycin and cycloserine antibiotics for them to be effective? | they must be taken into the cell |
| What are the three antibiotics that work in the step 2 of the peptidoglycan synthesis cascade? (3) | 1) Vancomycin 2) Ristocetin 3) Bacitracin |
| Where does vancomycin and ristocetin work? | 1) binds D-ala-D-ala so it cant be transferred to receptor |
| How does bacitracin work? | inhibits dephosphorylation of lipid carrier by binding the Pi |
| What two antibiotics work at the third stage of peptidoglycan synthesis? | 1) penicillin 2) cephalosporine |
| Where is the action of penicillin and cephalosporine? | they inhibit transpeptidase which basically does the crosslinking in the final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis |
| What is the action of quinolones? | they inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase |
| What is the action of rifampin? | they inhibit the B subunit of bacterial RNA pol |
| What is the action of tetracyclines and aminoglycosides? | inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosome |
| What is the action of cholorophenicol, erythromycin and clindmycin? | bind to 50s ribosome |
| What is the mechanism of action of sulfa drugs? (2) | inhibit folic acid synthesis by acting as compeitive inhibitors of PABA |
| What is the mechanism of timethropim, aminoterin and methotrexate? | inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase |
| What are the three parts of the lipopolysaccharides? | 1)lipid A 2) core polysaccharide 3) O side chain (O antigen) |
| Which part of the LPS is most pathogenic | lipid A |
| Does gram negative or gram positive bacteria have periplasmic space | gram negative |
| What is the difference in the ring structures between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? | gram positive- 2 rings in basal body gram negative - 4 rings in basal body |
| Which has the greater resistance to physical disruption, gram neg or gram post? why? | gram positive because of that huge ass peptidoglycan layer |
| Where can you find mycolic acids? (2) | Genera: 1) mycobacterium 2)nocardia |
| What are mycolic acid? | alpha substituted beta hydroxy fatty acids |
| What is cord factor? | a trehalose that mycobacterium tubercolosus cell envelopes contain that is linked to mycolic acid |
| What are the two genera of pathogenic bacteria that sporulate (2)? | 1)Bacillus 2) clostridium |
| What is the chemical mediator that htelps bacterial spores resist heat, toxic chemicals etc? | calcium dipclonic acid |
| Penicillin ____ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol |  Penicillin - C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis |
| Chloramphenical _____ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol |  Chloramphenical - I - Binds to 50S Ribosomal subunit |
| Steptomycin ____ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | Streptomycin H - Binds to 30s ribosomal subunit |
| Rafampicin _______ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | Rafampicin - D - Inhibits transcription |
| Sulfanamide ______ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol |  Sulfonamides - E- Compeittive inhibitor of Folic Acid Biosynthesis |
| Cycloserine ___________ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | Cycloserine A Stage 1 of Cell wall biosyntehsis |
| Bacitracin ________ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | B - Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis. Blocks it when its going on to the carrier. |
| Quinolones ________ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | Quinolones - G - Inhibits DNA gyrase activity |
| Clindamycin _____ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | I - Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit |
| Tetracycline ________ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | H - Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit |
| Trimethoprim ________ A. Stage 1 of cell wall biosynthesis B. Stage 2 of cell wall biosynthesis C. Stage 3 of Cell wall biosynthesis D. Inhibits transcription E. competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosyntehsis F. Membrane G. Inhibits DNA gyrase activity H. Binds to 30S ribosomal subunit I. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit J. INhibits binding of mRNA to 30s Ribosomal subunit K. Binds to B subunit of bacterial RNA pol | E - Competitive inhibitor of folic acid biosynthesis |
| What are the 8 steps of sporulation? | 1) cell division 2) axial filament formation 3) septum formation 4) engulfment of forespore 5) cortex formation 6) coat synthesis 7) completion of coat synthesis, increase in refractility and heat resistance 8) lysis of sporangium, spore liberation |
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