5 Written Questions

1. Cold temperature → cold receptor...sensory fibers → primary motor center → bilateral tracts down brain stem → lateral column of spinal cord → anterior motor neuron → skeletal muscles → alternating contraction in muscles (~4 fold increase in heat production)
2. Fever at 108°: metabolic rate increases → more heat generated → further rise in body temp (repeat); temperature around 113° is fatal (body's proteins denature).
3. A process in which the body senses a change and activates a mechanism that reverses that change; its function is to maintain stable internal environmental conditions; closed loop system.
4. Increased by thermogenesis: Shivering and Chemical.
5. Protective mechanism caused by infection, trauma, brain tumor, drug reaction, etc. Fatal if core temperature reaches 108 °F (positive feedback loop starts: increased temp → increased metabolic rate → increased body heat → repeat) and 111-113 °F fatal.

5 Matching Questions

1. Muscle Tissue
2. Anatomic Subdivisions of Nervous System
3. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
4. Factors that Determine Heat Production
5. Stimulus

1. a Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
2. b Any stress that changes a controlled condition (set point).
3. c * Basal Metabolic Rate
   * Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis
   * Metabolism due to hormonal activity
   * Extra metabolism: stimulation of sympathetic nerves or cellular chemical activity
4. d Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
5. e Greek; supernatural causes - theologi; natural causes - physiologi; recognized that blood "percolates" through the kidneys.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. * These proteins span the entire lipid bilayer
   * May act as ion channels and transporters (e.g. Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻) across the membrane
   * Act as receptors for neurotransmitter substances, receptors for nerve growth, and adhesion factors
   1. Integral (Proteins)
   2. Control Center
   3. ICF (Contains)
   4. ECF Contains
2. (Intracellular fluid component) ~1.6 liters in adults
   1. Stimulus
   2. Plasma Volume
   3. Cell Membrane
   4. Cell Volume
3. Comprised of the brain which stores information and compares to it, generates thoughts, and creates emotions and ambitions; as well as the interneurons (90% of the neurons in the central nervous system) that bridge the gap between sensory and motor neurons that receive information from different sources, interpret and transmit information to other cells, and store it in memory.
   1. Negative Feedback
   2. Integrative (Subdivision)
   3. Sensory (Subdivision)
   4. Heat Production
4. Studied animal motions; basis of muscle contraction resided in the muscle fibers.
   1. William Harvey (1578-1657)
   2. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1678)
   3. Walter Cannon (1871-1945)
   4. Aldosterone (Sweating)
5. The fluid surrounding the cells and is the internal environment of the body - the internal milieu; constantly circulating through the blood and lymph vessels, and into the spaces between the tissue cells; contains nutrients, ions and gases necessary for the survival of the body cells.
   1. Muscle Tissue
   2. Cell Volume
   3. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
   4. Central Nervous System (CNS)

5 True/False Questions

1. Oxidation of Nutrients → Sympathetic nerves stimulated: dermal vasoconstriction and stimulated arrector pilli.

   True        False

2. Chemical Thermogenesis (Mechanism) → Long-term mechanism for generating body heat. Sympathetic nerves produce epinephrine and nor epinephrine and release into blood, and the thyroid releases thyroxin. Increased cellular metabolism and metabolic rate.

   True        False

3. Walter Cannon (1871-1945) → Coined the term "homeostasis" - the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions (the CENTRAL unifying concept of physiology).

   True        False

4. Neuroglia → Crisis of fever occurring at the end of febrile condition. Patient has 105 °F temperature, hypothalamus trying to maintain 98.6 °F and is still hot, leads to intense sweating and vasodilatation causing the skin to be hot.

   True        False

5. Flush → Crisis of fever occurring at the end of febrile condition. Patient has 105 °F temperature, hypothalamus trying to maintain 98.6 °F and is still hot, leads to intense sweating and vasodilatation causing the skin to be hot.

   True        False