| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Observation | What you see happen |
| Inference | What you understand from what you saw |
| Scientific Method -Step 1 | Recognize a question or a problem |
| Scientific Method -Step 2 | Make a hypothesis to answer the question |
| Scientific Method -Step 3 | Predict consequences that can be observed if the hypothesis is correct. The consequences should be absent if the hypothesis is not correct |
| Scientific Method -Step 4 | Do experiment |
| Scientific Method -Step 5 | Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the hypothesis, predicted effects, and experimental findings |
| adaptation-- | behaviors or traits in an organism[ living thing] that help it survive in its environment; e.g spiny leaves on cactus keep it from being eaten. |
| stimulus-- | any thing that the organism {living thing} can sense {feel} that causes it to react. respond (eg: light, sound, food. nd; |
| response-- | the way an organism reacts (or the way it behaves] an organism has to a stimulus. eg: timulus. |
| organism-- | any living that has one or more cells (eg: human, plant, animal) |
| life span | the length of time a living thing is expected to live {survive} |
| nutrition-- | livings things must take in nutrients |
| excretion-- | living things must release waste |
| atomic structure | electrons, protons and neutrons |
| electrons | orbitals; negative charge |
| protons | nucleus; positive charge |
| neutrons | nucleus; neutral charge |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| ion | imbalance of electrons |
| ionic bond | What type of bond transfers electrons? |
| covalent bond | What type of bond shares electrons? |
| Periodic table | table showing repeating pattern of properties of elements |
| atomic mass | average mass of all the element's isotopes |
| group | elements in a column of the periodic table |
| period | a horizontal row in the periodic table |
| What are atoms made of? | are made of protons, neutrons and electrons |
| nucleus | houses and protects the cells genetic info |
| what is DNA? | is in threadlike form called chromatin until it condenses to form chromosomes |
| nuclear pores | opening for RNA to go through |
| nucleoulus | denses area were DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making RNA |
| Ribosomes | made of protien and RNA that directs protien synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| mitochondria | are tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP |
| ATP | energy storing molecule ATP powers most of the cells chemical reactions |
| endoplasmic reticulum | allows molecules to move from one part of a cell to another |
| rough ER | has ribosomes and makes phosophilids and protien |
| smooth ER | builds lipids such as cholesteral and calcium releases steroidsin muscle cells and detoxifies poisens in liver |
| golgi apparatus | recieves protiens and lipids vesicle content |
| lysosomes | vesicle containing digestive enzymes the cell garbage disposal |
| cilia and flagella | are hairlike structures that extend the surface of the cell wall they assist in the movement |
| centrioles | in animal cell organize microtubes during cell division- mitosis |
| vacuole | in animal small size stores fats and lipids in plant large size stores water |
| chloroplast | contains the green pigment chlorophyll site of photosynthesis |
| cell wall | provides protection and support |
| A liquid or gel-like material which supporst and protects internal structures. | What is cytoplasm? |
| A membrane bound structure having one or more specialized metabolic functions. | What is an organelle? |
| Animal cells are heterotrophs. | Are animal cells heterotrophs or autotrophs (a.k.a phototrophs)? |
| Plant cells are autotrophs. | Are plant cells heterotrohps or autotrophs (a.k.a phototrophs)? |
| A continuous boundary aroud the cell which supports and protects the cell. | What is the cell (plasma) membrane? |
| The cell membrane regulates transport of materials in and out of the cell. (Selectively Permeable Membrane) | How does the cell membrane help homeostasis? |
| Fluid represents its flexibility. Mosaic represents its mixed composition. | What do the terms "fluid" and "mosaic" in the term "fluid mosaic" model describing the cell (plasma) membrane represent? |
| Receptors, transport, identification, defense, and communication. | What are some functions that proteins perform? |
| The nucleus is the "control center." It carries out cell activities and contains genetic code for activities such as replication. | What does the Nucleus do? |
| The nucleolus is a component in the nucleus which produces RNA and ribosomes. | What is the nucleolus? |
| Chromosomes (DNA) wrapped into a network by proteins called "histones". Found in the nucleus. | What is a chromatin? |
| A component of the nucleus that encloses the nucleus and allows certain materials to pass through. | What is a nuclear envelope? |
| Small things that assemble amino acids into proteins (protein synthesis). | What are ribosomes? |
| Some ribosomes float freely in cytoplasm, these usually make proteins used WITHIN the cell. Some ribosomes are attached to membranes (Endoplasmic Reticulum) and usually make proteins used OUTSIDE the cell. | Where are ribosomes found and what are some unique types of ribosomes? |
| a system of membrane channels that are a continuation of the nuclear envelope. | What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
| Manufactures, processes, and transports biochemical compounds. | What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? |
| The rough Endoplasmic Reticulum has ribosomes. It is used for protein synthesis and transport. | What is the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
| Has no ribosomes and connects the rough ER to the Golgi Apparatus. Has diverse metabolic functions such as lipid synthesis and detoxification. | What is the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
| Flattened sacs of membranes near the nucleus. | What is the Golgi Apparatus? |
| used as a distribution and shipping department. Modifies, stores, and packages substances produced in the Endoplasmic Reticulum for secretion in/out of the cell. | What does the Golgi Apparatus do? |
| x | x |
| Membrane bound storage compartments for food, water, etc. | What are Vacuoles? |
| Plant cells usually have a large central vacuoles which supports the plant when it is full. | How are plant cells considered Vacuoles? |
| The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments. | What is the Cytoskeleton? |
| The cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape and allows movement. | What does the Cytoskeleton do? |
| The two types of cytoskeleton structures are microtubules and microfilaments. | What are the two types of Cytoskeleton structures? |
| A type of cytoskeleton structure which has thick hollow tubes and is made of tubulin (protein). Has cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers. | What are microtubules? |
| They support the cells shape and help in cell division, contraction, etc. | What do the microfilaments do? |
| A membranous sac of hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes and are the principal site of intercellular digestion. Break down and recycle cell parts. Acts as the "stomach" in unicellular organisms. | What are Lysosomes? |
| Plants do not usually have Lysosomes. | Do plants usually have Lysosomes? |
| A centriole is 9 triplets of microtubules and a centrosome is two centrioles at right angles. | What are Centrosomes and Centrioles? |
| Centrosomes and Centrioles are only found in animal cells. | Centrosomes and Centrioles are in plant/animal/both |
| Centrosomes and Centrioles organize the spindle fibers required for cell division. | What do Centrosomes and Centrioles do? |
| The Cell Wall is located outside the cell membrane, is rigid, and is used for support and protection. | What is the Cell Wall? |
| Cell Walls are only found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. | Where are Cell Walls found? |
| In plants, the primary component of the Cell Wall is Cellulose. | What is the primary component of Cell Wall in plants? |
| Chloroplasts are a type of plastid that is a site of photosynthesis. | What are chloroplasts? |
| Made of a double membrane, inner membrane folds called grana that lie within a space called the stroma. | What are chloroplasts made of? |
| Chloroplasts are green due to chlorophyll (a green pigment). | Why are chloroplasts green? |
| osmosis | the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| solute | the substance dissolved in a liquid |
| hypertonic solution | contains a high level of concentration relative to the cell |
| hypotonic solution | contains a low level of concentration relative to the cell |
| isotonic solution | contains the same concentration of solute relative to the cell |
| solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| homogeneous | Uniform in structure or composition throughout |
| active transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, requiring energy |
| diffusion | movement from a higher concentratoin to a lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| hypertonic | above strength more solute |
| hypotonic | below strength less solute |
| isotonic | the two solutions are equal in concentration |
| solute | solid |
| solvent | liquid |
| concentration | mass of solute in relation to the volume of the solution |
| diffusion | the process of a movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, therefore distributing themselves evenly through random movement |
| osmosis | diffusion of a solution from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution through a semi permeable material, |
| concentration gradient | the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. |
| hypotonic | contains more solvent than solute, the solute moves in to the cell and can cause it to grow and grow and grow until it bursts |
| hypertonic | more solute than solvent, the solute moves out of the cell and can cause it to shrink and shrink and shrink until it shrivels up and dies |
| isotonic | has equal amounts of solvent and solute, the cell remains the same |
| powers of a microscope | lowest: 40X higher: 100X |
| independent variable | can be manipulated by the experiment (time or temperature) and typically will affect the dependent variable |
| dependent variable | what is measured in an experiment; what is affected by the experiment |
| x | x |
| nuclear membrane is in plant/animal/both | both |
| nucleolus is in plant/animal/both | both |
| chromosome is in plant/animal/both | both |
| cytoplasm is in plant/animal/both | both |
| cell membrane is in plant/animal/both | both |
| cell wall is in plant/animal/both | plant |
| mitochondria is in plant/animal/both | both |
| lysosomes is in plant/animal/both | both |
| endoplasmic reticulum is in plant/animal/both | both |
| ribosomes is in plant/animal/both | both |
| golgi bodies is in plant/animal/both | both |
| vacuoles are in plant/animal/both | both |
| plastids | plant |
| centrioles is in plant/animal/both | both |
| sunlight | The energy that all living things need comes from |
| photosynthesis | The process by which a cell captures sun energy and uses it to make food |
| water, carbon dioxide | The reactants of photosynthesis. |
| energy from 1st stage | What powers the chemical reactions of photosynthesis |
| sugar, oxygen | The end products of photosynthesis |
| stomata | How does carbon dioxide get into a plant? |
| solar panels | What do chlorophyll and other pigments act like? |
| mitochondria | The second stage of respiration occurs in the __ |
| respiration | The process used by all living things to break down simple food molecules and release energy contained in them |
| oxygen | The main difference in respiration and fermentation is that fermentation does not use __ |
| oxygen, sugar | What are the two reacants of respiration? |
| lack of oxygen | Why would your body start to do lactic acid fermentation? |
| carbon dioxide and water | During photosynthesis, what do plants use to make glucose and oxygen |
| chlorophyll | These are green pigments found in chloroplasts |
| stomata | Tiny openings on the undersides of leaves |
| to get energy | Plants can use the sugars they make ______, to make other compounds, and to store in the plant's cells |
| directly | how do Autotrophs obtain energy from the sun |
| indirectly | Heterotrophs obtain energy from the sun |
| photosynthesis | Process responsible for producing most of Earth's oxygen |
| carbon dioxide, water | During respiration cells get energy by breaking down glucose and releasing __ |
| mitochondria | The large amount of energy released during respiration is done in the __ |
| fermentation | ________ is an energy releasing process that does not require oxygen |
| sun | The __ is the beginning source of energy for nearly all food chains. |
| making sugar from sunlight | Photosynthesis |
| sugar is made w/ two "acts" they are... ___________ "photo" and the ________ "synthesis" | Light Reaction, Calvin Cycle |
| this process occus in the _______ located in the ______ of a plant | chloroplast, leaves |
| a light catching pigment | Chlorophyll |
| an inorganic gas | CO2 |
| water | H2O |
| molecule that stores & releases energy | ATP |
| _______+, _________+ & ______ Carry electrons around to make energy | NAD+, NADP+, FADH |
| ___ & _____ will come together in the chloroplast to produce a molecule of glucose | H2O, CO2 |
| when glucose is made, there is a waste product -- | oxygen |
| – electron carrier, brings electrons and protons around cell to make energy | NADPH |
| Convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH .. ACT #__ | 1 |
| in ACT#1, the sun's energy ____ the choloplast, Split the water producing _____ gas as a waste product and makes _____ (ATP & NADPH) the players needed for Act 2. | excites, oxygen, energy |
| act 1 takes place in the _________ | thylakoids |
| Membrane stacks in the chloroplast which contain enzymes to work with light reaction | thylakoids |
| when Sunlight strikes the chlorophyll, a(n) ____________ is lost from chlorophyll | electron |
| result of act 1 -- ______ & _____ have been made AND _____ has been released as a waste product | ATP, NADPH, oxygen |
| Photosynthesis | The process in which some organisms use water along with sunlight and carbon dioxide to make their own food |
| Resperation | The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release energy they contain |
| Fermentation | The process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen |
| Active transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy |
| passive transport | The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using the cell's energy |
| DNA | deoxiribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring |
| Cell cycle | the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo |
| Diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Mitosis | the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two nuclei and one copy of the DNA is distributed into each daughter cell |
| Interphase | The stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell division occurs |
| cytokinesis | stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organells into each of the two new cells |
| chromosomes | a doubled rod of condenced chromatin |
| DNA shape | twisted ladder |
| lactic acid | a product of fermentation |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane |
| chloroplast | a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| mitochondria | rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions |
| thymine | pairs with adenine |
| guanine | pairs with cytosine |
| Parts of DNA | sides= deoxyribose and phosphate: ladder rungs= adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
| phases in mitosis | anaphase, metaphase, telophase, and prophase |
| 4 nitrogen bases of DNA | thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| centromere | the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis |
| chromatid | one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis |
| chromatin | the material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur |
| chromosome | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA |
| diploid | a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes |
| haploid | describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis |
| sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that derermine the sex of an individual |
| four organic molecules | lipids (fats), carbohydrates, nucleic acid, proteins |
| organic molecules | molecules that have carbon, like sugars or proteins |
| Inorganic Molecules | Molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen (e.g.; salts, strong acids and bases, metal compounds) |
| Lipid Building Blocks | fatty acids and glycerol |
| proteins structure | amino acids |
| Proteins example | meat, hair |
| Carbohydrates Building Blocks | starch and simple sugars |
| The building blocks of all Carbohydrates are... | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharide | Have simple Sugars; Glucose/Fructose/Galactose; Have a single ring structure |
| Disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides; Sucrose/Maltose/Lactose |
| Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |
| Maltose | Glucose + Glucose |
| Lactose | Galactose + Glucose |
| Polysaccharides | 3+ monosaccharides; Starch/Cellulose/Glycogen |
| Polysaccharides:Plants | Starch and Cellulose |
| Polysaccharides:Animals | Glycogen |
| purpose of Starch | Used to store energy |
| purpose of Cellulose | Support |
| purpose of Glycogen | Used to store energy |
| Examples of Lipids | Oils, Fats, and Waxes |
| Lipids are made up of... | Triglyceride molecules |
| Fatty Acids can be either... | Saturated/Unsaturated |
| examples of Saturated | Fats (Butter, Lard, Bacon Fat) |
| examples of Unsaturated | Oils (Vegetable, Canola, Peanut) |
| Fats are used to... | Store Energy/Provide Energy |
| Proteins are... | Large, Complex organic molecules |
| Proteins are made up of... | Amino Acids |
| There are...types of amino acids | 20 |
| Dipeptide | Two amino acids joined together |
| Polypeptide | More than two amino acids put together |
| Proteins are Polypeptides | Proteins are Polypeptides |
| Enzymes are... | Proteins that help speed up chemical reactions (End in "ASE") |
| Hydroxyl Group | -OH; Alcohol |
| Carboxyl Group | -COOH; Organic Acid |
| Amino Group | -NH2; Organic Base (Amino) |
| Amino Acid Structure | Amino Group \ R group / Carboxyl Group |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Combining small molecules into larger molecules; WATER IS RELEASED |
| Hydrolysis | Breaking down large molecules into small molecules; WATER IS ADDED to give complete molecules |
| Organic Compounds contain what? | Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Hydrocarbon | An organic Compound consisting of ONLY Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Nucleic Acids are... | made up of Nucleotides and contain C, H, O, N, and P |
| Nucleic Acids can be... | DNA or RNA |
| Which macromolecule is not soluble in water? | Lipids |
| What is the polarity of lipids? | Non-polar |
| Activation | Energy is needed to trigger a chemical reaction |
| Substrate | the substance on which an enzyme acts |
| active site | fold in enzyme where subsrate fits |
Combine with other sets
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