Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation (A)

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Anatomy	study of structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships with one another
Gross Anatomy	study of large, easily observable structures
Microscopic Anatomy	study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
Regional Anatomy	all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time
Systematic Anatomy	body structure is studied system by system
Surface Anatomy	the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Physiology	concerns the function of the body, how body works
Cytology	study of the cells of the body
Histology	the study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy	traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
Embryology	a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
Renal Physiology	concerns kidney function and urine production
Neurophysiology	explains the workings of the nervous system
Cardiovascular Physiology	examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
Levels of Structural Organization	1. Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules 2. Cellular Level: Cells are made up of molecules 3. Tissue Level: Tissues consist of similar types of cells 4. Organ Level: Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5. Organ System Level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely 6. Organism Level: Human organisms are made up of many organ systems
Atoms	tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins
Cells	molecules are associated; the smallest units of all living things
Tissue	consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ	a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Organ System	a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Organism	the living body composed of all 11 organ systems; highest level of structural organization
Integumentary System	the external covering of the body, or the skin Functions: waterproofs the body, protects deeper tissue, helps regulate body temperature
Skeletal System	consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints Functions: supports the body, provides framework, causes movement
Muscular System	the muscles of the body; skeletal muscles for the muscular system Functions: to contract or shorten, for movement to occur
Nervous System	the body's fast-acting control system. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Functions: sensory receptors detect stimuli from outside and inside the body, and send these messages to the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) so that it is informed about what is going on
Endocrine System	control body activities; endocrine glands produce chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant target organs.
Cardiovascular System	the primary organs of this system are the heart and blood vessels Functions: carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made
Lymphatic System	complements that of the cardiovascular system Functions: picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, houses white blood cells
Respiratory System	Role is to keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
Digestive System	a tube running through the body from mouth to anus. Organs include oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum. Functions: break down food and deliver the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells
Urinary System	removes the nitrogen containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. This system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Other Functions: maintains body's water and salt (electrolyte) balance, and regulating the acid-base balance of the blood
Reproductive System	exists primarily to produce offspring. Males: Testes produce sperm. Scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system Females: Ovaries produce eggs. Consists of uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Homeostasis	the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously; dynamic state of Equilibrium
Variable	all homeostatic control mechanism are processes involving at least 3 components that work together receptor, control center, effector
Receptor	some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information (input) to the control center along the afferent pathway
Control Center	determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and information (output) then flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathway
Effector	provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanism	the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
Positive Feedback Mechanism	the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
Homeostatic Imbalance	Disturbance of Homeostasis