1.
Alanine (ala): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
(5th most hydrophobic)
-Precursor for synthesis of glucose in gluconeogenisis.
2.
Arginine (arg): Basic
(strongly polar / hydrophilic / positively charged)
-has role in urea cycle
-precursor for nitric oxide (NO)
ESSENTIAL (IN CHILDREN!!!)
3.
Asparagine (asn): Acidic/Amide
-amide
-site of attachment for small carbohydrate chains in many glycoprotiens
4.
Aspartate (asp): Acidic/Amide
-acid (negatively charged)
-precursor for: AA's (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine), urea, pyrimidines, purines
-accumulates in neurons ~10mM for some unknown reason (don't look at your notes.. that's what it says)
5.
Cysteine (cys): OH or S containing sidechains
(slightly polar/hydrophilic)
-S
-forms disulphide linkages with other cysteines
6.
Glutamate (glu): Acidic/Amide
-acid (negatively charged)
-major excitatory neurotransmitter
-major inhibitory neurotransmitter (as GABA)
-precursor for: AA's (glutamine, arginine, proline, hydroxyproline), glutathione, polyamines, creatine phosphate
7.
Glutamine (gln): Acidic/Amide
-Amide
-precursor for: AA's (histidine and tryptophan), purines, pyrimidines, amino sugars, glycoproteins
-involved in transport of nitrogen to liver
8.
Glycine (gly): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
-not hydrophobic (6th most hydrophobic).
-important precursor for hemes and purines.
9.
Histadine (his): Basic
(strongly polar / hydrophilic / positively charged)
-Least basic
-involved in enzymatic reactions where proton exchange/transfer occur
-precursor for histamine
ESSENTIAL
10.
Isoleucine (ile): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
(most hydrophobic)
ESSENTIAL
11.
Leucine (leu): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
(3rd most hydrophobic)
ESSENTIAL
12.
Lysine (lys): Basic
(strongly polar / hydrophilic / positively charged)
-met. defects -> hyperlysinemias; can ->hyperammonemia
ESSENTIAL
13.
Methionine (met): OH or S containing sidechains
(slightly polar/hydrophilic)
-S
-has methyl thioester -> major source of methyl groups in pathways
ESSENTIAL
14.
Phenylalanine (phe): Aromatic
-one of the most hydrophobic AA -> frequently on interior of proteins
-met. defects -> phenylketonuria (similar to MSU disease [aliphatic met. defect])
-component of aspartame (Nutrasweet)
ESSENTIAL
15.
Proline (pro): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
(2nd most hydrophobic)
-secondary amine
16.
Serine (ser): OH or S containing sidechains
(slightly polar/hydrophilic)
-OH (frequently phosphorylated)
-important precursor for purines, pyramidines and sphingosine
17.
Threonine (thr): OH or S containing sidechains
(slightly polar/hydrophilic)
-OH (frequently phosphorylated)
ESSENTIAL
18.
Tryptophan (trp): Aromatic
-less hydrophobic than phe
-precursor for: nicotinamide nucleotides (->NAD+ [dietary deficit -> pellagra]), serotonin
ESSENTIAL
19.
Tyrosine (tyr): Aromatic
-less hydrophobic than phe
-precursor for: thyroid hormone, catecholamines, dopa and melanin
-met. defects -> tyrosinosis, albinism, alcaptanuria (dark urine disease)
20.
Valine (val): Aliphatic
(group that cannot be metabolized in maple syrup urine disease)
(4th most hydrophobic)
ESSENTIAL