5 Written Questions

1. Modulation of immune cells to present self antigens
   Molecular mimicry
2. Horizontal
   Direct contact
   Indirect contact
   Common vehicle
   Airborne
   Arthropod-borne
   Vertical
   Iatrogenic (accidental transmission by professionals)
   Nosocomial (hospital-derived infection)
   Zoonotic
3. Dot-blot hybridization
   In-situ hybridization
   Southern blot hybridization
   Northern blot hybridization
   Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
   Nucleic acid sequencing
4. Maturation phase
5. Induction of immunosuppression
   Induction of immune tolerance
   Destruction of antigen presenting cells
   Inhibition of recognition by antibodies

5 Matching Questions

1. What are some mechanisms of viral virulence?
2. What are some defenses of viral infection that act on virus infected cells?
3. What are some ways that viruses can inhibit recogniton by CMI response?
4. What virus families have double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes?
5. Which virus families have double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes?

1. a Reoviridae
   Birnaviridae
2. b Infection of cell lacking MHC class I antigen
   Inhibition of MHC formation
   Downregulation of viral protein expression
   Induction of mutation in viral protein T cell epitopes
3. c Cytotoxic Tcells
   Helper T cells
   NK cells
   Interferon
4. d Papillomaviridae
   Adenoviridae
   Herpesviridae
   Poxviridae
   Asfarviridae
5. e Modulation of host immune response
   Modulation of growth factors and cytokines
   Modulation of apoptosis
   Disruption of intracellular Ca homeostasis
   Production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates
   Modulation of intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Late genes
   1. What viral genes encode for enzymes or factors that help in virus replication and are expressed before nucleic acid replication?
   2. In which phase of viral reproduction is the virus assembled?
   3. What are some defenses of viral infection that act on virus infected cells?
   4. What viral genes encode for structural proteins and factors for virus assembly and are expressed after nucleic acid replication?
2. Primary cell culture
   Finite or diploid cell lines
   Continuous cell lines
   1. What are some different types of mutations?
   2. What are the stages of viral pathogenesis?
   3. What are the different types of cell culture?
   4. What is the definition of a virus?
3. Lysis
   Transformation
   Integration
   Persistant infection
   1. What are some defenses of viral infection that act on virus infected cells?
   2. What are some methods used to detect viral antigens?
   3. What are some possible interactions between a virus and it's host cell?
   4. What are some different genetic interactions between viruses?
4. MHC class I and II proteins
   Proteins that cleave endogenous antigens
   Transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)
   T cell receptor (TCR) proteins
   T cell accessory molecules
   Ig molecules
   1. What are some acquired immune responses to viral invasion?
   2. What are some innate immune responses to viral invasion?
   3. What host proteins are involved in immune responses to viral invasion?
   4. What are some mechanical and chemical barriers to viral infection?
5. Picornaviridae
   Caliciviridae
   Coronaviridae
   Arteriviridae
   Flaviviridae
   Togaviridae
   1. Which virus families have +ve RNA genomes?
   2. Which virus families have double-stranded (ds) DNA genomes?
   3. Which virus families ahve -ve RNA genomes?
   4. Do all viruses have envelopes?

5 True/False Questions

1. What are some different genetic interactions between viruses? → Heterozygosis
   Interference
   Phenotypic mixing

   True        False

2. What are some possible targets for antiviral action in the HIV replication cycle? → Binding
   Reverse Transcriptase
   Integration
   Viral Gene Expression
   Post-transcriptional Processing and Assembly
   Budding or release

   True        False

3. What viral genes encode for enzymes or factors that help in virus replication and are expressed before nucleic acid replication? → Early genes

   True        False

4. What term refers to the fact that protection is conferred on the unvaccinated in a population when a certain threshold number of individuals is vaccinated? → Ability to infect host cells without being cytopathic
   Integration into the host chromosomes
   Inhibition of detection and elimination by the host immune responses

   True        False

5. What are some different types of studies done to investigate causation of an epidemic? → Naturally occurring subunits
   Detergent-split virus

   True        False