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Human geography the features of the earth, One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. Physical geography concerned with the locations of such earth features as land, water, and climate; their relationship to one another and to human activities; and the forces that create and change them Absolute location The exact position of a place on the earth's surface. Relative location the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places Spatial perspective observing variations in geographic phenomena across space Map a diagrammatic representation of the earth's surface (or part of it) Mental map An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. Distribution The arrangement of something across Earth's surface Pattern a customary way of operation or behavior Formal region An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics Functional region(nodal) a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it Perceptual region (vernacular) a region that only exist as a conceptualization or idea & not physically demacated enity Remote sensing The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. Geographic Information Systems A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user. Chapter 2 ... Diffusion the act of dispersing or diffusing something Expansion diffusion The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. Relocation diffusion The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Acculturation the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture Assimilation the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Transculturation cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact Contagious diffusion The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population. Hierarchical diffusion The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Stimulus diffusion The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. Independent invention the term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other Environmental determinism the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development Possibilism The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. Culture the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization Cultural diffusion the spread of cultural elements from one society to another Cultural landscape the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape Culture hearth a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward Culture trait A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. A single element of learned behavior. Culture complex A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices). Culture realm A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes. Culture region A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. Culture system A collection of interacting elements taken together shape a group's collective identity. Includes traits, territorial affiliation, shared history, and more complex elements, like language Sequent occupance the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape Folk culture Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Popular culture Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. Commodification the process though which something is given monetary value