Digestive System & Metabolism MVCC BIO 181
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203 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Peritoneal Cavity | Between Parietal & Visceral Peritoneum Filled with fluid for lubrication |
| Absorption | Taking up of digested molecules into the cells of the digestive tract Nutrients enter the body |
| Ingestion | The process of taking food into the body through the mouth |
| Digestion | The breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by physical and chemical means Large to small |
| Elimination | Removal of waste |
| Two Sub parts of digestion | Mechanical: Happens 1st-chewing and churning Chemical: Happens 2nd-hydrolysis of molecular bonds |
| Mechanical Digestion | The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces Occurs 1st Chewing and Churning |
| Chemical Digestion | Occurs when enzymes break down large molecules of food into smaller ones Occurs 2nd Hydrolysis |
| Purpose of Digestive System | To get nutrients from food for energy and to create building blocks for cell growth and repair |
| Greater Omentum | Type of Mesentary Fatty Apron Cushions intestines |
| Mesentary | Contains nerves & blood vessels, to transport materials to/from intestines Outside layer that holds intestine in place to prevent damage There are 5 types |
| Lesser Omentum | Supports stomach Access route for blood vessels & other structures entering/leaving the liver Type of Mesentary |
| Mesocolon | Type of Mesentary supports the large intestine |
| Falciform Ligament | Type of Mesentary Stabilizes the position of the liver |
| Peritoneum | Connective tissue loosely holds, covers organs in abdominal wall 2 membranes: Parietal and Visceral |
| Mesentery Proper | Type of Mesentery Provides stability to small intestine |
| Parietal Peritoneum | Lines interior abdominal wall |
| Visceral Peritoneum | Covers organs |
| Mucosa | Layer of digestive tract Consists of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
| Submucosa | Layer of digestive tract Connective tissue, vessels, nerves, glands |
| Muscularis Externa | Layer of digestive tract Circular & Longitudinal Myenteric plexus Peristalsis Sphincter |
| Serosa | Layer of digestive tract Tough Connective tissue with simple squamous epithelium |
| 4 Layers of the Digestive (GI) Tract | 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa |
| Function of Digestive System | 1. Ingestion 2.Digestion 3.Absorption 4.Elimination |
| Lamina Propria | Consists of a layer of areolar tissue and connective tissue |
| Stratified Squamous | Epithelium found in mouth, esophagus, & anal canal |
| Simple Columnar | Epithelium found in stomach and intestines Contains Goblet cells |
| Muscularis Mucosa are arranged in 2 concentric layers | 1. Inner Layer encircles: Circular Muscle 2.Outer Layer contains muscle: Longitudinal layer |
| Contractions of the Inner and Outer Layer | Alter the shape of the lumen and move the epithelial pleats and folds |
| Myenteric Plexus | innervates muscle |
| Peristalsis | rhythmic contractions of 2 layers moves food through the GI tract |
| Sphincter | circular enlargement regulates passage of food |
| Main Organs of Digestive System | Mouth, large/small intestine, liver,gallbladder, pancreas, and stomach |
| Function of Oral Cavity | Ingest,taste mastication Carb Hydrolysis |
| Parts of the oral cavity | lips, hard/soft palates, uvula |
| Function of the tongue | taste, move food during chewing |
| Frenulum | secure tongue to floor |
| Papillae | bumps on tongue with taste buds |
| Salivary Gland | produce 1-1.5 liters of saliva a day three sets |
| Parotid | type of salivary gland makes 25% secretes salivary amylase lies inferior to the zygamatic arch has an irregular sharp |
| Salivary amylase/ Ptyalin | an enzyme that breaks down starches digests carbs |
| Submandibular | type of salivary gland makes 75% of saliva secretes a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins and salivary amylase located at the floor of the mouth |
| Sublingual | type of salivary gland makes 5% has many ducts that secretes mucous that acts as a buffer and lubricant |
| Purpose of Teeth | Chew food |
| How many layers do teeth have? | 3 layers: Pulp, Dentin, and Enamel |
| How may regions do teeth have? | 3 regions: Crown, Neck, and Root |
| Mastication | breaks down tough connective tissue in meat and the plant fibers in vegetable helps saturate the materials with salivary secretion and enzymes |
| How many types of teeth are there? | 4 types: Incisors, Cuspids, Bicuspids/Premolars, Molars |
| Incisors | located at front of mouth used for chopping or cutting has a single root blade-shaped 8 total: 4 top, 4 bottom |
| Cuspids/Canines | Conical with a sharp ridge line an a pointed tip used for tearing and slashing have a single root 4 total |
| Bicuspids/Premolar | flattened crowns with prominent ridges used for crushing, mashing and grinding one or two roots 8 total |
| Molars | very large, flattened crowns with prominent ridges adapted for crushing and grinding used for crunching have three or more roots 12 total |
| Pharynx | Junction of the mouth, nose, and throat Common passageway for solid food, liquids, and air |
| Bolus | ball of chewed food and saliva |
| Deglutition | swallowing |
| Epiglottis | cartilage flap that prevents food from entering the trachea |
| Esophagus | conducts bolus to the stomach about 1 foot long and collapsible |
| Muscularis of the Esophagus | skeletal muscle changes to smooth muscle |
| Cardiac Sphincter | located in the esophagus and opens to the stomach prevents back flow |
| Segmentation | cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing the contents with intestinal secretions |
| Stomach | main function is to store food, produces chyme and protein hydrolysis |
| Chyme | turns bolus with gastric juice |
| Deciduous teeth | fall out during childhood 20 total |
| How many regions does the stomach have? | There are 4: Fundus, cardia, body, and pylorus |
| Fundus | portion of stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and esophagus |
| Cardia | smallest part of the stomach contains mucous glands |
| Pyloris | forms sharp curve of the J divided into pyloric antrum - connects to the body and pyloric canal-empties into the duodenum |
| Rugue | folds in the mucosa |
| Pyloric Sphincter | regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum strong, opens 3x/min |
| Parts of the Gastric Pit | Goblet Cells, Parietal Cells, Chief Cells, and G Cells |
| Goblet Cells | Produces mucous to protect epithelium |
| Parietal Cells | Secretes HCL to denature proteins, kills pathogens, releases bicarbonate ions that diffuse through the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream |
| Chief Cells | Secretes pepsinogen/pepsin to digest proteins, hydrolysis enzymes, activated by HCL most abundant |
| G cells | Secretes gastrin into blood to activate, located deep in the pit, turns on muscularis, controls same organ it secretes into...the stomach |
| Function of the small intestines | 1. Hydrolysis 2. Absorption |
| What the small intestines hydrolysis | carbs, proteins, and fats, type of chemical digestion |
| What the small intestines absorbs | 90% of nutrients and water |
| How many regions does the small intestines have | 3 Regions Duodenum, Jujunum, and Ileum |
| Duodenum | about 1 foot, contains enzymes, a bile mix with chyme. Contains Sphincter of Oddi and Brunner's Gland. Region of small intestines |
| Sphincter of Oddi | regulates the release of enzymes, bile. |
| Brunner's Gland | basic mucous, HCO3-, neutralizes chyme |
| Jejunum | about 8 feet, hydrolysis and absorption, region of the small intestines |
| Ileum | About 10 ft, final absorption happens. Contains Peyer's Patches, region in the small intestines |
| Peyer's Patches | Lymph nodules that kill back flowing bacteria from colon |
| Fold of the Small Intestines | give high surface area ( 200m2) for absorption, have 3 parts |
| How may part do the folds of the small intestines have? | 3 parts: Pilcae circularis, Villi, Microvilli |
| Ileocecal Valve | Opens to cecum, located at the end of small intestines |
| Gastric Glands if the small intestines | extend deep into the underlying lamina propria, dominated by parietal and chief cells, secrete gastric juices |
| Pepsinogen | an inactive pro-enzyme. Acid in the gastric lumen converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
| Intrinsic Factor | a glycoprotein that facilitate the absorption of vitamin B12 |
| Gastric Pitts | open onto the gastric surface |
| Intestinal Crypt/Gland | produce border enzyme, new epithelial cells, and enteroendocrine cells, secretes 3 hormones |
| Acid in the gastric lumen converts | Pepsinogen to pepsin |
| Pepsin | An active proteolytic enzyme. It functions most effectively at a strongly acidic ph of 1.5-2.0 |
| Gastrin | produced by G cells, which are most abundant in the gastric pits of the pyloric antrum. Stimulates secretion by both parietal and chief cells as well as contractions of the gastric wall that mix gastric contents |
| Pyloric sphincter | regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum |
| 3 phases of digestive activity | 1: Cephalic 2: Gastric 3: intestinal |
| Brush Border Enzymes | integral membrane proteins located on the surfaces of intestinal microvilli. |
| Microvilli | breakdown materials that come in contact with the brush border |
| Lobules | found in the liver, separated from each other by an interlobular septum |
| The 3 hormones that are secreted by the intestinal crypt/gland | GIP,CCK, and Secretin |
| GIP | Stimulates chyme in duodenum that contains large quantities of undigested proteins. Turns off stomach activity Turns on pancreas to secrete insulin |
| CCK | Stimulates lipids/chyme. Turns on gallbladder to eject bile. Turns on pancreas to secrete enzymes |
| Secretin | Stimulates chyme and turns on pancreas to secrete HCO3-. Turns on liver to secrete bile |
| Function of the large Intestines | Final absorption of water, vitamins and minerals. forms and stores feces |
| How many regions are there to the Large intestines | 3 regions: Cecum, Colon, and Rectum |
| Cecum | Region of the large intestines. Collects and stores material from the ileum and begins the process of compaction |
| Appendix | is attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum. |
| Colon | Region of the large intestines. Contains for parts: Haustra, Taeniae Coli, and Epiploic appendages |
| Haustra | pouches allowed for expansion. Affect the mucosal lining. Produces a series of internal folds |
| Taeniae Coli | Large bands of muscle , smooth muscle runs along the outer surface of the colon just deep to the serosa |
| Epiploic appendages | teardrop shaped sacs of fat |
| Rectum | Stores feces, 3 parts stretch receptors for defecation, anal canal made of stratified squamous with sphincters and the anus |
| Function of the Liver | store/release sugars, fats, vitamins, and minerals. detoxify blood, produce bile and plasma proteins, breakdown old damaged cells. |
| The liver has how many lobes? | 4 lobes: Right, Left, Caudate, and Quadrate |
| Villi | Covered by a simple columnar epithelium that is carpeted with microvilli |
| Plicae Circulares | transverse folds that are permanent features that do not disappear when small intestines fills. Greatly increase the surface area available for absorption |
| Lacteal | lymphatic capillary that transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries |
| Trypsin | an active protease, activates the other pro-enzymes. takes polypeptide and break up into amino acid or dipetides |
| Pancreatic amylase | an enzyme that breaks down certain starches produced in the pancreas, almost identical to salivary amylase. Takes starch breaks up into disaccharides |
| Lipase | breaks down certain complex lipids, releasing products such as fatty acids that can be easily absorbed. triglyceride break down monoglyceride and fatty acids |
| Kupffer Cell | responsible for storing iron, some lipids, and heavy metals that are absorbed by the digestive tract. Act like a janitor, phogocytize bacteria , old cells, and debris |
| Myentreic plexus | Parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic postgaglionic fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa |
| Submucosal plexus | innervates muscles |
| How many parts to a lobule? | 5 parts: Central Vein, Hepatocytes, Kupffer Cells, Sinusoids, and Hepatic Triad |
| Central Vein | sinusoid between adjacent plates empty into these |
| Hepatocytes | perform most of livers function , adjust circulating levels of nutrients through selective absorption and secretion |
| Sinusoids | tunnels that conduct through lobule. |
| Parts of the Hepatic Triad | Hepatic Portal Vein, Central Vein, and Bile Duct |
| Hepatic Portal Vein | conducts "nutrient-rich" blood from the small intestines |
| Central Vein | conducts blood to intravena cava |
| Bile Duct | conducts bile |
| Hepatic Triad | there is one on each corner of the lobule |
| Function of bile | emulsifies fat in duodenum Large fat globule converts to tiny droplets |
| Bile is made of | water, bile salts, bilirubin |
| Function of the Gallbladder | stores (50-70ml) and releases bile, uses CCK to stimulate bile to eject |
| Gall bladder contains | Bile pathways |
| What is the Bile pathway for Gallbladder | starts at hepatocytes -> canaliculi goes to bile duct -> bile duct -> hepatic ducts->cystic duct->gallbladder->cystic duct->common bile duct->duodenum |
| Function of the Pancreas | works as a chemical factory under and behind the stomach. Produces and secrete enzymes and hormones. Contains Acini(alveoli) |
| Acini (alveoli) | little groups of cells, exocrine gland make enzymes that go into pancreatic duct. Make up 99% of pancreas |
| Function of Islets of Langerhans | endocrine gland makes 2 types of hormones |
| Hormones made by the endocrine gland | Insulin and Glucagon |
| Hepatonpancreactic sphincter | encircles the lumen of the common bile duct and generally, the pancreatic duct and duodenal ampulla |
| Common Bile duct | empties into the duodenal ampulla, and enters the cystic duct. |
| Hepatic bile duct | carries bile away from the liver lobes and toward the union with the cystic duct |
| Cystic duct | carries bile between the gallbladder and the common bile duct |
| Pancreatic duct | tubular duct that carries pancreatic juices from the pancreas to the duodenum |
| Exocrine Gland | secretes into a duct |
| Endocrine Gland | secretes into the blood |
| Parts of the Pancreas | Common Pancreatic duct, sphincter of oddi, ampulla of vater, common bile duct |
| Metabolism | the reaction (rxn's) in the body use to generate control energy. Refers to all chemical reaction that occur in an organism |
| Describe Metabolism | catabolism-breakdown-release Energy organic molecules (large)------ ---> Nutrient Pool (small anabolism -build up- required energy |
| Glucose | supplies energy to make ATP |
| Cells use ATP for | growth, repair, reproduce, and all jobs |
| 3 steps to glucose | glycokysis, kreb's cycle, and electron transport system |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | measures energy use at rest, genetically determined, measure by O2 consumption 70cal/hr |
| Calorie | unit of energy, adults need 2000-25000 cal a day |
| Functions of Carbohydrates/sugars | short term energy supply 4 cal/gram |
| Carbohydrates/sugars are found in | grains (wheat, rice, oats, corn) fruits and veggies |
| Carbohydrates/sugars have | carbon rings and there are 3 types |
| 3 types of carbon rings | monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharide | 1 ring, glucose and fructose, simple sugar |
| Disaccharide | 2 rings, sucrose and maltose, simple sugar |
| Polysaccharides | many rings, starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Sugars can be used | directly from blood or stored for later |
| Glycogenesis | happens when you are not eating stored in liver, absorption state, insulin produced. complex process that involves several steps and requires the high energy compound of UTP. Glucose makes Glycogen |
| Gluconeogeneisis | brain requires glucose for energy source, is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursor, such as lactic acid, glycerol or amino acid. Formation of new glucose |
| glycogenolysis | fasting state, glycogen (hormone) produced. the breakdown of glycogen occurs quickly and involves a single enzymatic step. Splitting glycogen to glucose |
| List 5 Organs of the digestive tract in the order in which food would flow through them | oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, then large intestines. |
| Which layer of the digestive tract contains the blood and nerve supply? | submucosa |
| An adult has a total of ____incisors and _____premolars. | 8/8 |
| Which histological layer of the digestive tract contains the sphincters? | muscularis externa |
| Parietal secretes | hydrochloric acid |
| Chief cells secretes | pepsinogen/pepsin |
| G cells secretes | gastrin |
| What is the benefit of the intestinal villi, microvilli, and plicae circulares? | The give high surface ares for absorption. |
| List the 3 types of nutritional molecules and enzyme that digest each one? | 1. Carbs - amylase 2. Fats - lipase 3. Proteins - pepsin/trypsin |
| Function of lipids/ fats | energy reserves, padding and insulation 9cal/g |
| Where are lipids/ fats found | located in nuts, red meat, milk, eggs and butter |
| How many types of lipids/fats are there? | 2 types: saturated (solid unhealthy) and unsaturated ( liquid,healthy) |
| Chylomicrons, HDL,LDL | lipoprotien that carry fat in the blood |
| Where are lipids/fats stored | in hypo-dermis, around organs |
| Triglyceride | most common, type of fat and oil found in food |
| Triglyceride is made of | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
| Function of Proteins | structural, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin, last resort for energy, 4cal/g |
| Proteins are found in | nuts, beans, dairy, and eggs |
| Proteins are made of | long chains of amino acids, 20 different amino acids |
| Deamination | removal of amino group due to metabolism produces toxic ammonia +H urea cycle in liver Nh2---------->NH3(ammonia)----------->urea(less toxic excrete in urea) |
| How is the wall of the stomach different from the wall of the esophagus? | Stomach: made of simple columnar with goblet cells Esophagus: made of stratified squamous |
| Anabolism | the synthesis of new organic molecules and other cell function |
| Catabolism | the breakdown of organic substrates, this process release energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high energy compounds |
| What organ controls metabolism? | Pancreas |
| Metabolism is mostly controlled by | hormones produced in islets of the pancreas |
| function of insulin | decrease blood glucose, cells uptake and use glucose for energy |
| glycogenesis takes place in the | liver during the absorptive state |
| Glycogen | increases blood glucose, cells use fat for energy |
| glycogenolysis takes place in the | liver during the fasting state in b/w meals |
| Thyroid Gland | Produces thyroxin |
| Pituitary gland | secretes growth hormone |
| Name 3 Pancreatic enzymes and area they area produced | Trypsin, amalysis, lipase....all are made in the acini |
| vagus nerve | brain telling stomach it is hungry. Cranial nerve 10-it controls digestive system |
| Epinephrine | hormone that increase metabolism. Temporary uplift made by adrenal gland |
| glucagon | hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets, elevates blood glucose |
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