Ap Biology chapter 2 and 3
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Matter | that which has mass and occupies space |
| Element | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Trace Element | an element that is essential for the survival of an organism but only in minute quantities |
| Atom | (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element |
| Neutron | an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton |
| Proton | a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron |
| Electron | an elementary particle with negative charge |
| Atomic nucleus | An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. |
| Dalton's law | States that the total pressure of a mixture of gasses is equal to the sum of the pressures of all the gases in the mixture. |
| Atomic Weight | (chemistry) the ratio of the atomic mass of an element to half the atomic mass of carbon-12 |
| Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Mass number | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus |
| Isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| Radioactive isotope | isotope in which the nucleus decays (breaks down) over time, giving off radiation in the form of matter and energy |
| Energy | (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work |
| Kinetic Energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its motion |
| Potential Energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position |
| Energy level | a definite stable energy that a physical system can have |
| Electron Shell | a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom |
| Energy level | a definite stable energy that a physical system can have |
| Orbital | A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found. |
| Valence | (biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate |
| Chemical bond | an electrical force linking atoms |
| Covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Structural formula | an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule |
| Molecular formula | a chemical formula based on analysis and molecular weight |
| Double covalent bond | a bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons |
| Non-polar covalent bond | electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity |
| Polar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally |
| ion | a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| hydrogen bond | a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond |
| chemical reactions | the process in which chemical bonds are broken and/or formed |
| reactants products | Calculation Change in heat from bond energies |
| chemical equilibrium | in a reversible chemical reaction, the point at which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. |
| polar molecule | molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end |
| cohesion | (physics) the intermolecular force that holds together the molecules in a solid or liquid |
| adhesion | an attraction between molecules of different substances |
| surface tension | a phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces |
| heat | the movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature |
| temperature | the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) |
| Celsius scale | a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees |
| Calorie | unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure |
| Kilocalorie | a unit of energy equal to 1000 calories |
| joule | a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second |
| specific heat | the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade |
| evaporative cooling | the property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state. |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solute | the dissolved substance in a solution |
| aqueous solution | a solution in water |
| hydrophilic | having a strong affinity for water |
| hydrophobic | lacking affinity for water |
| Molecular weight | the sum of the weights of all the atoms in a molecule |
| hydrogen ion | a positively charged atom of hydrogen |
| hydroxide ion | the anion OH having one oxygen and one hydrogen atom |
| ph scale | a range of numbers used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is; ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) |
| buffer | an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH |
| acid precipitation | Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.6. |
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