Finals
About this set
Created by:
sophiezechar on December 25, 2008
Subjects:
Description:
Chapter 2&4&5&6&7&8&9&10
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
127 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chemical element | a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| chemical compound | a substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions |
| ion | a positively or negatively charged atom |
| molecule | smallest unit of most compounds. |
| van derr wall forces | when molecules are close together, a slight attraction can form from the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. this attraction |
| cohesion | an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of diff substances |
| mixture | a material composed of 2 or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| solution | all components are evenly dispersed & dissolved |
| suspension | mixtures of water and nondissolved materials |
| acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solution |
| base | any compound that forms OH- ions in solution |
| covalent bond | formed when e- are shared between atoms. when atoms share 2 electrons-single bond 4electrons-double bond |
| ionic bond | formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| polymerization | a process in which large compounds, (polymers or macromoleucules) are built by joining smaller ones (monomers) together |
| monomers | they join together to form polymers. these small compounds may be identical or different |
| polymers | the result of monomers joining together in polymerization |
| monosacchrides | single sugar molecules |
| polysacchrides | the large macromolecules from from monosacchrides |
| chemical reaction | a process that changes 1 set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction |
| products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| activation energy | energy required to get a reaction started |
| catalysts | a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering a reaction's activation energy |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts in cells |
| substrates | the reactants of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
| greenhouse gases | carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, & a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy & maintain Earth's temp range |
| upwelling | cold water near poles sinks and flows parallel to the ocean's bottom, then rising again in warmer regions |
| biotic factors | the biological influence on organimsm within an ecosystem. the entire biological community-birds, trees, mushrooms |
| abiotic factors | physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems- climate, humidity, nutrient availability, soil type, wind, sunlight |
| niche | the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions |
| ecological resource | any necessity of life, water, nutrients, light, space |
| ecological succession | as an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out, and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community |
| greenhouse affect | natural situation in which heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases. |
| climate | the average, year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. scientists average info for 30 years |
| weather | the day to day condition of earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. |
| competitive exclusion principle | no 2 species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time |
| predation | an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
| predator | when predation occurs, the organism that does the killing and eating |
| prey | when predation occurs, the organism that is the food |
| symbiosis | any relationship in which 2 species live closely together |
| primary succession | on land, a succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. |
| microclimate | the climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate surrounding it |
| benthos | organisms that live attached to or near the bottom of the ocean |
| estuary | wetlands formed where rives meet the ocean; the mouth of river/stream meets the ocean. |
| geographic distribution | area inhabited by a population |
| population density | # of individduals per unit area |
| immigration | movement of individuals into an area |
| emmigration | movement of individuals out of an area |
| carrying capacity | largest # of individuals that a given enviroment can support |
| limiting factor | factor that causes population growth to decrease |
| demography | the scientific study of human population |
| renewable resource | resource that can regenerate and are therefore replaceable |
| nonrenewable resources | a resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes |
| deforestation | loss of forests |
| soil erosion | the wearing away of surface soil by water and wind |
| desertification | a process of turning once productive areas into deserts |
| biodiversity | the sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere |
| endangered species | a specie who's population is declining in a way that places it in danger |
| cell membrane | a thin flexible barrier around the cell |
| cell wall | a strong layer around the cell membrane |
| nucleus | a large structure that contains the genetic materials & controls most of cell's processes |
| cytoplasm | the material inside the cell membrane excluding the nucleus |
| tissue | a group of similia cells that perform aparticular function |
| organ | many groups of tissues working together |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| mitochondrion | uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins |
| chloroplast | uses energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an internal membrane system in which componets of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed |
| ribosome | small particle of rna andprotein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus |
| vacuole | saclike structure that stores materials |
| lysosome | filled with enzymes used to break down food into particles that can be used |
| pigment | light-absorbing molecules |
| chlorophyll | a plant's principle pigment |
| thylakoids | saclike photosynthetic membrane |
| grana | stack of thylakoids |
| stroma | the space outside the thylakoid membranes |
| light-dependent reactions | produce oxygen gas and convert ADP & NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP&NADPH |
| calvin cycle | uses ATP & NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars |
| calorie | the amount of energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water 1 celsius degree |
| cellular respiration | the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
| gylcolysis | the process in which 1 molecul of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid , a 3-carboncompound |
| fermentation | releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen |
| anaerobic | not in air |
| aerobic | in air |
| mutualism | both species benfit from relationship |
| commensalism | one member of relationship benefits, and the other isn't helped or harmed |
| parasitism | one organism lives on or inside another organism & harms it |
| krebs cycle | pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make carbon dioxied, NADH, ATP, and FADH2 |
| electron transport chain | uses high-energy electrons from the krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP |
| chromatid | one pair of identitical chromosomes created by chromosome replication prior to cell division. |
| centromere | the area where cromosomes are attatched |
| mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus & cytokinis takes place |
| centrioles | two tiny structures located in cytoplasam near nuclear envelop |
| spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps spereate chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm itself |
| cancer | a disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth |
| cyclin | regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
| internal regulators | proteins that respond to events inside the cell |
| growth factors | proteins that respond to events outside the cell |
| saturated | each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond |
| unsaturated | there is at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid |
| polyunsaturated | a lipid's fatty acids contain more than one double bond |
| enzyme-substrate complex | formed when an enzyme and a substrate bind together |
| ecological pyramid | a diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or web |
| limiting nutrient | when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient thats scarce or cycles very slowly, what is that nutrient called? |
| polar zone | cold areas around north&south poles 60-90 |
| temperate zone | ranges from hot to cold depending on season, between the polar zones & the tropics. 30-60 |
| tropics zone | almost always warm areas near the equator 30N&30S |
| secondary succession | when a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil, what follows? |
| tradgedy of the commons | the notion that any resource thats open to everyone, like air, or part of the ocean will eventually be destroyed because everyone can use it, but no one is held responsible for preserving it |
| bioacculmulation | the accumulation of pollutants in the tissues of individual organism |
| biological magnification | the increasing concentration of a harmful substance increase in organisms @ a high trophic level in a food chain or web |
| microtubule | hollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in length that maintain cell shape and serve as tracks for organelles, form centrioles in cell division |
| microfilaments | long, thin fibers 7 nanometers in diameter that support the cell, moves organelles within the cell |
| lipid bilayer | the double layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| selectively permeable | some substances can pass across them& others can't |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| active transport | the energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration |
| ATP | one of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store energy |
| carrier molecule | a compound that can accept a pair of high energy e- & transfer them along with their energy to another molecule |
| NADPH, ATP, & oxygen | the products of light dependent reactions |
| prophase | chromatin condense into chromosomes, centrioles seperate & a spindle begins to form. nuclear membrane breaks down. |
| metaphase | chromosome line up across the center of cell. each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber @ its centromere |
| anaphase | sister chromatids seperate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart |
| telophase | chromosomes gather @ opposite ends of the cell& lose their distinct shape. 2 new nuclear membranes form |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.