Bones of the Forelimb
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Dorsal | belonging to or near the back or upper surface of animal |
| Ventral | toward or near the belly (front of a primate or lower surface of a lower animal) |
| Medial | toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | away from the midline |
| Cranial | toward head |
| Caudal | toward the posterior end of the body |
| Internal | located inward |
| External | outward features |
| Superfical | near or on the surface |
| Deep | farther within body |
| Proximal | situated nearest to point of attachment or origin |
| Distal | situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, as of a limb or bone |
| Palmar | relating to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot |
| Dorsal (foot) | top of foot |
| Axis | a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions |
| Flexion | act of bending a joint |
| Extension | movement toward a straight condition |
| Adduction | moving of a body part toward the central axis of the body |
| Abduction | moving of a body part away from the central axis of the body |
| Supra- | above |
| Infra- | beneath |
| Epi- | upon |
| Mid-sagittal | divides the body into right and left halves |
| Transverse | divides the body into upper and lower halves |
| Frontal | belonging to the front part |
| Axial | Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body |
| Abaxial | further from the longitudinal line; this term used in talking about limbs |
| Rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| Circumduction | a circular movement of a limb or eye |
| Supination | rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward |
| Pronation | rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward |
| Fossa | a concavity in a surface (especially an anatomical depression) |
| Fovea | tiny pit |
| Tuber | swelling |
| Tuberosity | an elevation on a bone especially for attachment of a muscle (larger than a tubercle) |
| Tubercle | a small rounded nodule on a bone especially for attachment of a ligament |
| Crest | Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
| Foreamen | a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves through the bone |
| Eminence | a projection or boss on a bone |
| Raphe | a ridge that forms a seam between two parts |
| Aponeurosis | any of the deeper and thicker fascia that attach muscles to bones |
| Cledio- | clavicle |
| Omo- | shoulder |
| Apophysis | (anatomy) a natural outgrowth or projection on an organ or part such as the process of a vertebra on which muscle can attach or swelling |
| Ramus | branch |
| Rete | a network of intersecting blood vessels or intersecting nerves or intersecting lymph vessels |
| Thoracic Gridle | Contains the Scapula, Clavicle, Coracoid |
| Brachium | upper arm (humerus) |
| Antebrachium | forearm (ulna and radius) |
| Manus | hand or forepaw |
| Cutaneous Structures of the Forelimb | Umbilicus, Superfical Fascia, Deep Fascia, Pads (carpal, metacarpal, digital pads) |
| Long Bone | A type of bone that is longer than it is wide. Examples include the femur, humerus, and phalanges. |
| Short Bone | a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions. Examples: carpals and tarsals |
| Irregular Bone | Bones with complicated shapes (e.x., vertebrae and hip bones) |
| Sesamoid Bone | any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint. Example: Patella |
| Heterotopic Bone | name given to bone formed in non-bone location. Examples: Os Penis |
| Pneumatic Bone | Contain an air space. Examples bird bones |
| Bone Modeling | Shaping of bone; completed by early adulthood (two types are endochondial and intramembranous ossification) |
| Bone Remodeling | process of removing and rebuilding bone, net loss of bone with age advancement, majority occurs with trabecular bone |
| Endochondial Ossification | formation of bone through pre-exisiting cartilage model (ie. long, short and irregualr bones) |
| Intramembranous Ossification | process by which most flat bones are formed within fibrous connective tissue membranes |
| Osteoblast Cells | Bone forming cells |
| Osteoclasts Cells | Bone remover cells |
| Osteocytes Cells | mature cells in the bone tissue. mature bone cells that maintain the bone |
| Extracellular Matrix | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein, polysaccharides, water, minerals, and collagen |
| Periosteum | Outer covering of bone |
| Endosteum | Inner covering of bone |
| Epiphysis | the end of a long bone |
| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| Epiphyseal Line | ossified rement of the growth plate on a bone |
| Woven Bone | immature bone present during fetal development or in the early stages of bone repair; collagen fibers are randomly distributed and have crisscross pattern also appears in fracture repair |
| Lamellar Bone | mature bone present in normal adult stages; collagen fibers are perfectly arranged in a parallel pattern making bones strong |
| Cortical or Compact Bone | dense and hard exterior surface bone arranged from layers of lamellar bone, 80% of total bone mass |
| Cancellous or Trabecular Bone | spongy porous tissue in inner part of bone, more surface area with quicker turnover for bone production |
| Collateral Ligaments | All joints except glenohumeral joints have medial and lateral collateral ligaments , connect the joint at both sides; they give medial and lateral stability and prevent dislocation |
| Synovial Structures | atricular cartilage articular capsule accessory ligaments synovial fluid |
| Physis | growth plate |
| Metaphysis | Funnel-shaped portion of the bone connecting the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| Medullary Cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow |
| Osteology | the study of bones |
| Arthrology | Study of Joints |
| Joints | places where bones connect to bones by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue or a combination of these: (hinge, pivot, gliding, ball and socket) |
| Three main types of joints | Fibrous, Carilanginous and Synovial |
| Synsarcosis | Attachments of parts of skeleton with only muscle (attachment of scapula to thorax by serratus ventralis thoracis m.) |
| Superfical Fascia | Between skin and muscles --adipose tissue stores fat, subcuraneous fat that surrounds cutaneous nerves, arteries, lymph vessels, nodes, great saphenous vein, mammary glands, and facial muscles |
| Deep Fascia | multiple layers of fibrous connective tissues that surrounds muscle and lines body cavities, usually thicker than superfical fasica and forms specialized structures |
| Carpal Canal | -formed by accessory carpal bone laterally, other carpal bones dorsally and flexor retinaculum on palmar side -tendons of SDF & DDF pass through it, as well as ulnar and median nerve |
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