APUSH Chap. 1, 2, 3
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Paleo-Indians | 1st Americans, nomad bands, 11,500 BC |
| 7,000 BC | Agriculture begins in central Mexico, more reliable than hunting and gathering, permanent settlements begin, large civilizations grow |
| Olmecs | 1,000 BC, Gulf of Mexico, large cities, temple pyramids |
| Mayans | 0 AD, Yucatan Peninsula, 1st writing system in Americas, religious, wars between city-states, collapsed due to war, small food supply 900 AD. 100,000 pop in largest city (Teotihuacan), huge trading network, influenced NA societies |
| Mound Builders | native american civilizations of the Ohio River Valley in 0 ADthat created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places, hunt/gather lifestyle, trade goods from Great Lakes and Gulf found |
| Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. 400 miles of roads, irrigation systems |
| Mississippians | Influenced by Mayans, , flourished in 1000 AD, agriculture of maize, beans and squash since 800 AD. Large cities (5 miles at peak, pop 20,000) , earth pyramids, religious and trade center, largest earthwork ever built in Am. |
| Aztecs | !2th century, valley of Mexico, Tenochtitlan (island city, center of society), classes of warriors, merchants, priests, commoners, slaves. conquered neighbors and demand tribute in raw goods and slaves. ritual combat for sacrifice vics. conquered by cortes |
| NA societies | 5 million before Europeans, many Natives were nomads, power between civil and war leaders, power w/ people's confidence, autocratic rule unusual, all polytheistic, beliefs tied to means of subsistence |
| Social organization in NA | SW + East agricultural people in villages, Pueblos in multi-story buildings on cliffs, Iroquois of Ny in longhouses, Muskogeans + Algonquians in thatch houses. |
| Agricultural societies | traced families through mother's line, linked to clan by her, women had more power, politically and religious, women led Algonquian |
| Hunting societies | nomadic, patrilineally, less power for women, no links between bands |
| War + Politics | fought for hunting territory, etc, fought w. armor, spears. no connect between pueblo + Muskogean villages w/ council of 10-30 men. |
| Iroquois | complex political hierarchy, villages into ntions into confederations, councils from nations made war/peace decisions. women not chiefs, but elder women chose chiefs, could indirectly start and end wars |
| Upper Guinea | strongly influenced by Islam, camel caravans to med.trade w/ Europe and Asia, people fished, grew rice (rice coast), farmed, livestock (grain coast had few people) |
| Lower Guinea | slaves from gold and slave coasts, Nigeria, Angola. Farmers w/ traditional religions, invested places w/ spiritual significance, rituals to get good harvests, villages of kin groups into kingdoms w/ decentralized political and social authority. communal + individual land ownership |
| Slavery in West Africa | slavery in own country (criminals, POWs, etc) part of economy. Kings of slave coast founded slave trading posts, sold male POWs |
| European societies | agricultural, warring, hierarchical, autocratic, Christians had heathen slaves, serfdom, small villages, women below men. Men worked fields, women prepared food, etc. hunting for aristocrats. Bubonic Plague -1346, Hundred Years' War between England and France interrupted trade routes |
| exploration | Med. Atlantic islands colonized, Natives subdued, learned how to transplant crops |
| Columbus | wanted to reach China by going West, 1492 landed in Bahamas, thought it was India, wanted wealth, seized some Natives, explored Caribbean |
| exploration of Northern Americas | Leif Ericsson in 1001 to Baffin Islands, Cabot searched for Northwest passage in 1447 |
| Spanish exploration | adapted to the Americas when in cuba, moved to explore mainland, Coronado into SW U.S, De soto into SE. tight control over colonies, exploited Natives and tried to convert them. eventually falls due to inflation, wars, debt. English eventually riad treasure ships, defeat Spanish Armada in 1588 |
| 1513 | Ponce de Leon reaches Florida |
| Cortes | came to West Indies in 1504, conquered Aztecs |
| encomienda system | used by Spanish, demanded tributes from Natives, 1542- Native slaves forbidden, still tributes, importation of Aricans begins, slavery more common in Caribbean |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. diseases killed Natives, transmitted syphilis to Europe. sugar to Americas, horses to Americas, tobacco to Europe |
| Northern Americas | good fishing by French and English by 1570s, permanent settlements for fur trading. |
| 1570 | English try to establish Roanoke colony, fails |
| New Spain | first permanent settlements in U.S, Fransiscan missionaries had little success, 1598- fighting w/ Pueblos |
| New France | 1605- Port Royal established, then Quebec and Montreal. few Euros. Jesuit missionaries did well, undermined shamans |
| New Netherland | Dutch West India company establish NY colony, threat to beaver interests of French, Native allies of French + dutch into conflict. Iroquois vs Hutons |
| Caribbean | France, England, Netherland clashed. Spain on bigger islands, English eventully seized Jaimaica. good climate for sugar, sugar boom in 1640s, African slaves used |
| English interest in colonization | social + economic change, pop boom, Protestant Reformation, Stuarts to power after Elizabeth, Puritans fled |
| 1607 | Joint stock Virginia Co. established, attempted colony in Maine, then Jamestown. Bad conditions, few lived. Smith imposed militay rule, life got better, then worse after he left |
| Powhatan Confederacy | 6 Algonquian tribes led by Powhatan, traded and helped colonists, eventually colonists took Pocahontas. huge cultural differences on land-holding, hunting, agriculture, inheritance of power |
| Virginia | Jamestown. Bad conditions, few lived. Smith imposed militay rule, life got better, then worse after he left, tobacco became colony's profit. headrights granted, 50 acres for each person. House of Burgesses established, Virginia made a royal colony in 1624. 1670s- tobacco decline |
| King James' War | Powhatan's brother thought colonists a threat, launched attacks along river in 1622, settlers attacked village. Chief died, 1646-treaty, Natives submitted |
| Maryland/ Chesapeake Bay | 1634 by Calvert family, freedom of religion to christians, isolated farms, indentured servants, few servants lived. |
| headright system | 50 acres for each person, led to indentured servitude, passage paid for work |
| New England colonies | 1620- Mayflower to New England (puritans), 1/2 of people died in first winter. Pokanokets helped them, treaty signed between them in 1621. Healthier colony, more women, families, children, higher life expectancy, government controlled by Puritans |
| Mayflower compact | signed by Pilgrims. established civil body, elected governor |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | 1629s- Congregationalists got royal charter- Cape Ann, John Winthrop elected governor, stressed community, religion, commission from God, colonial legislature, 2 house, judicial system, community land grants |
| John Winthrop | elected governor of Mass. organized move to New England |
| Pequot War | colonists expanded into Connecticut. Pequots middlemen between Dutch and Natives, tried to get other Natives to resist, colonists destroyed them |
| Roger Williams | Separatist in Mass. Bay- 1631, told people that the king could not grant Native land, aprroved of secular, banished by Massachusetts court, founded Providence on land given to him by Natives. freedom of religion |
| Anne Hutchinson | popular medical practitioner, believed in the free gift of salvation, tried by court, excommunicated and exiled to Rhode Island, later killed by Natives. Challenged Puritan gender roles |
| Quakers | people who thought that all people should have individual rights |
| William Penn | established Pennsylvania and Quakers, 1681, had religious freedom, but only Christians vote |
| Carolina | Virginia expands to prevent Spanish expansion, split into north and south, north more agriculture, south ports and deerskin. Trafficin in Native slaves |
| French Expansion | wanted trade with Mexico, conflicted with Iroquois interests (middlemen)-- Beaver Wars to control beaver pelt trade. attacks on Iroquois before treaty |
| 1718 | New Orleans established, MISSISSIPPI RIVER |
| Pueblo Revolt | 1680- Pueblos drive out Spanish from New Mexico, reclaimed in 1692 |
| King Philip's War | 1675- New England colonists expand into Pokanoket territory, led by Philip...destroyed 25 villages w/ help from other Natives, Philip dies, alliance falls apart |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Berkley doesn't want war, does not permit Virginian expansion into Native land, Bacon rebels, fought Natived and other colonists, burned Jamestown. Bacon dies, rebellion fails |
| Governor Berkley | refuses to permit virginians into Native land, which leads to Bacon's rebellion. After rebellion, new royal charter issued, which allowed expansion |
| Atlantic slave trade | triangular trade, raw goods from colonies to Europe, Europe processes, goods to Africa for slaves, slaves to Caribbean and colonies |
| mercantilism | economic policy- finite amount of wealth, one country gains, another loses |
| Navigation Acts | 1.) Only English ships could trade w/ colonies 2.) certain goods could only be given to England 3.) goods for foreign sale shipped by way of England-import duties 4.) colonies could not export products that competed w/ English products |
| Rice and Indigo | planted in S. Carolina, w/ experience of slaves |
| Yamasee War | 1715- Yamasee and Creeks attack S. Carolina settlements, driven out by reinforcements |
| Slaves in Spain | Florida issued law that runaways who came there would be free |
| James II | tightened control over colonies, made ones that were not royal colonies, Dominion of New England |
| King William's War | French against English. James 2 w/ Louis, fighting in colonies, Natives w/ French attack English settlements |
| Glorious Revolution | replaces James 2 w/ Mary and William of Orange- Protestants |
| 1692 Witchcraft Crisis | Salem witch trials, tension, ended due to governor, minister, and new royal charter |
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