| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Gregor Mendel | considered the father of heredity; studied heredity and discovered some key ideas |
| heredity | the transmission of characters from parents to offspring |
| trait | different forms a characteristic can take (example: purple, white) |
| pollination | the process of pollen grains landing on the female parts of the plant |
| pollen | the male cells from the flower |
| self-pollination | when the plant is able to use its own pollen to fertilize its own eggs |
| cross-pollination | when the pollen from one flower fertilizes the eggs of another flower |
| anther | the male part of the flower where pollen is made |
| stigma | the female part of the flower where the pollen lands |
| purebred | an individual that has two homozygous genes for a particular characteristic |
| P1 | the parent generation |
| F1 | the progeny (first filial generation) |
| F2 | the progeny of the progeny (second filial generation) |
| progeny | offspring |
| dominant | a gene that produces a protein that does function for a particular reaction |
| recessive | a gene that produces a protein that does not function for a particular reaction |
| dominant | a gene that masks the effect of the recessive gene when the two are paired |
| recessive | a gene that is masked by the dominant gene when the two are paired |
| law of segregation | states that two alleles on a pair of chromosomes separate when gametes are formed, one going to each gamete |
| law of independent assortment | states that genes for different characteristics separate independently during meiosis |
| allele | different form of a gene |
| genotype | the combination of alleles for a particular gene, found in a certain individual |
| phenotype | the appearance of the individual caused by a particular gene combination |
| homozygous | an individual with two copies of the same allele for a particular gene (either BB or bb) |
| heterozygous | an individual with two different alleles for a particular gene (Bb) |
| probability | the chance that something will occur |
| monohybrid cross | a cross showing only one characteristic; these produce a 2x2 Punnett square |
| dihybrid cross | a cross showing two characteristics simulataneously; these produce a 4x4 Punnett square |
| Punnett square | device used to predict the probability of offspring in a particular cross |
| testcross | an actual experiment used to distinguish heterozygous from dominant homozygous; usually the subject being tested is crossed with a homozygous recessive and the results are observed |
| incomplete dominance | happens when two or more alleles influence the phenotype; a good example is where RR is red flowers, Rr is not red but pink |
| sex-linked trait | a trait that is found on the X chromosome instead of on some other chromosome |
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