APES Friedland Ch. 2
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Created by:
djohnsoncphs on August 29, 2011
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| mass | a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains |
| atom | the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element |
| element | a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components |
| periodic table | a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties |
| molecules | a particle that contains more than one atom |
| compounds | a molecule containing more than one element |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleusof a particular atom |
| mass number | a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes |
| half-life | the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay |
| covalent bond | the bond formed when elements share electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions |
| hydrogen bond | a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bon to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule |
| polar molecule | a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative |
| energy | the ability to do work or transfer heat |
| electromagnetic radiation | a form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy |
| photons | a massless packet of energy that carries electomagnetic radiation at the speed of light |
| joule | the amount of energgy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second |
| potential energy | stored energy that has not been released |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| chemical energy | potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds |
| temperature | the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance |
| first law of thermodynamics | a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed |
| second law of thermodynamics | the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished |
| energy efficiency | the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system |
| energy quality | the ease with which an energy source can be used for work |
| entropy | randomness in a system |
| open system | a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries |
| closed system | a system in which matter and energy exchanged do not occur across boundaries |
| outputs | a loss from a system |
| inputs | an addition to a system |
| system analysis | an analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions |
| steady state | a state in which inputs equak outputs, so that the system is not changing over time |
| feedback | an adjustment in input or output rates caused by the changes to a system |
| negative feedback loops | a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring |
| positive feedback loops | a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified |
| adaptive management plan | a plan that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as changes occur |
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