Mastitis
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Which type of mastitis has visible signs of disease? | Clinical mastitis |
| Which type of mastitis has no signs of disease? | Subclinical mastitis |
| What is used to assess repeated bouts of mastitis? | Somatic Cell Count |
| What somatic cell count determines the difference between Grade A and Grade B milk? | 750,000 cells |
| What are the two classifications of mastitis? | Contagious & Environmental |
| How is contagious mastitis spread? | from cow to cow |
| What type of bacteria are responsible for contagious mastitis? | Gram +ve |
| What specific bacteria are the main culprits for contagious mastitis? | Staph aureus Strep agalactiae Strep dysgalactiae Mycoplasma spp. |
| Where does contagious mastitis live? | in the udders of infected cows |
| What type of illness is a contagious mastitis? | Clinical/subclinical/or chronic (rarely toxic) |
| What is the bulk tank somatic cell count for contagious mastitis? | >300,000 cells |
| How is environmental mastitis acquired? | poor hygiene ...muddy, dirty environment |
| What type of bacteria are found in environmental mastitis? | Gram - |
| What specific bacteria are the cause of environmental mastitis? | E. coli Klebsiella Streptococcus uberis (gram +) |
| What do we associate Streptococcus uberis with? | dirty straw bedding |
| What type of illness is environmental mastitis? | Acute (toxic) Clinical (S. uberis) systemically ill Endotoxic shock high mortality rate. |
| What are the classifications of mastitis by pathology? | Toxic mastitis Clinical mastitis Subclinical mastitis Chronic mastitis Gangrenous mastitis |
| Which path. classification is characterized by systemic disease (fever, anorexia, depression)? | Toxic mastitis |
| What type of bacteria and specific species are responsible for toxic mastitis? | Gram - E. coli Klebsiella |
| Which pathological type has no systemic disease but has flakes and clots in milk and accompanying swelling? | Clinical mastitis |
| What type of bacteria and specific species are responsible for clinical mastitis? | Gram + Staphs Streps |
| Which pathological types has grossly normal milk but has a high SCC on a CMT? | Subclinical mastitis |
| What type of bacteria and specific species are responsible for subclinical mastitis? | Staph aureus Mycoplasma Strep agalactiae |
| What pathological type has an elevated SCC, periodic flakes in milk and uneven quarters? | Chronic mastitis |
| What type of bacteria and specific species are responsible for chronic mastitis? | Staph aureus Mycoplasma Strep agalactiae Pseudomonas |
| What pathological type is characterized by cold quarters, watery secretions and udder sloughing? | Gangrenous mastitis |
| What type of bacteria and specific species are responsible for gangrenous mastitis? | Staph aureus Bacillus cereus E. coli |
| Name the 6 major league bacteria in mastitis cases. | Staph aureus Strep agalactiae Strep dysgalactiae Strep uberis E. coli Klebsiella |
| What are the 7 minor league bacteria in mastitis? | Pseudomonas Serratia Bacillus Arcanobacterium Mycoplasma Candida (fungus) Prototheca |
| When you have a mastitis test come back with no growth, do you suspect major league or minor league players? | minor league |
| What are the 2 major pathogens with contagious mastitis? | Staph aureus Strep agalactiae |
| Where does Staph aureus live? | in micro abscesses in the udder. this is why it is hard to beat |
| What type of infections is Staph aureus responsible for? | Subclinical, clinical, acute gangrenous, some chronic |
| Will you ever beat staph aureus? | no. sell the cow. |
| What type of pathogen is Streptococcus agalactiae? | Obligate Intramammary pathogen |
| Where does Strep agalactiae live? | in cisterns and ducts |
| How is Streptococcus agalactiae transmitted? | during milking |
| What type of infections does Streptococcus agalactiae cause? | subclinical/clinical rarely causes illness will have a high herd SCC |
| Is eradication of Strep agalactiae possible? | yes, absolutely. |
| What type of therapy would you do for the herd? | Blitz therapy: treat all cows, wait for the withdrawal time and put them back into service. |
| What minor league pathogen will not be seen very often but, when it is, it will be a trainwreck? | Mycoplasma |
| What causes the difficulty of treating Mycoplasma? | It lacks a cell wall. |
| What anti-microbials will not work on Mycoplasma because of the lack of cell wall? | Beta lactams (penicillins) |
| What other anti-microbials are used to treat Mycoplasma? Are they successful? | Macrolides. No. |
| Which cows are the important ones with Mycoplasma and how is this spread? | Chronic carriers are the important ones. Producers feed mastitic milk to baby calves and they get pneumonia and arthritis. When the cow starts milking in a couple years the mastitis resurfaces. |
| Is Mycoplasma mastitis treatable? | No. Impossible to treat. |
| How can a dairy farmer avoid this? | don't feed mastitic milk or pasteurize the milk. |
| How is E coli spread? | Poor hygiene; FECAL MATERIAL |
| What causes the illness with E coli? | lipopolysaccharide release |
| What type of disease will E coli mastitis cause? | Severe systemic disease/ shock and death |
| How do you treat mastitis caused by E coli? | fluids, antimicrobials, NSAIDS, supportive therapy. (FANS) |
| How is Streptococcus uberis usually acquired? | It is associated with straw bedding during a dry period. |
| What does Strep uberis do to the milk? | causes clots |
| Why is Strep uberis difficult to treat? | it is an intracellular bacteria. It gets opsonized which limits phagocytosis. |
| Which of the following statements about Staphylococcus aureus mastitis is FALSE? a. SA can cause gangrenous mastitis b. SA is the most common cause of subclinical mastitis c. SA mastitis responds well to antimicrobials d. SA lives in micro abscesses e. SA lives in white blood cells | c. SA mastitis responds well to antimicrobials |
| Which organism causes mastitis that responds well to intramammary treatment? a. S. aureus b. Mycoplasma c. S. agalactiae d. E coli e. Prototheca | c. S. agalactiae |
| You are presented with a cow with S. uberis mastitis. The most likely source of the infection is.... | straw bedding |
| Which of the following is NOT an environmental mastitis pathogen? a. E coli b. Arcanobacterium pyogenes c. Mycoplasma spp. d. Pseudomonas e. Klebsiella | c. Mycoplasma |
| Which of the following organisms is commonly associated with endotoxin production following mastitis? a. Mycoplasma spp. b. Arcanobacterium c. Klebsiella d. Staph aureus e. Prototheca spp | c. Klebsiella |
| You isolate Mycoplasma from a cow with mastitis. The most likely source of the infection is: a. sawdust bedding b homemade udder infustions c. contaminated water d. distillers grains e. infected cows and calves | e. infected cows and calves |
| How long does it take for the teat sphincter to close after milking? | 20-30 minutes |
| Which of the following is NOT a cytotoxin produced by Staph aureus? a. lipopolysaccharide b. leukocidin c. Protein A d. Staphylokinase e. Alpha-toxin | a. Lipopolysaccharide |
| Damage to the teat ending is commonly associated with....? | exposure to cold wet teats skin infections overmilking inadequate milk letdown |
| Bacterial colonization of the teat ending can be minimized by: | pre-milking disinfection using one towel per cow to dry teats Using post-milking disinfection |
| How can milk producers minimize the risk of bacteria entering the open teat canal? | prevent liner slips maintain milking machine regular liner change keep cows standing after milking. |
| What are the goals related to preventing mastitis? | Minimize damage to teat/teat ending due to milking Minimize bacterial colonization of teat ending during milking Reduce risk of bacteria entering open canal. |
| Which of the following is the cheapest and most reliable way of diagnosing sub-clinical mastitis? Udder palpation Visualization of milk for flakes and clots Gel formation on CMT Culture on MacConkey's Agar Changes in electrical conductivity | Gel formation on CMT |
| Which of the following is NOT a critical control point to prevent environmental mastitis? Dry Cow management Transitional cow management Clean udders at milking Clean dry comfortable cows Prevent teat ending/ skin lesions and bacterial colonization | Prevent teat ending/ skin lesions and bacterial colonization |
| What are the possibilities if there is no growth on a culture? | Intermittent excretor (S. aureus) residual anti-microbials Incorrect sample handling Unusual organism |
| Which of the following drugs is NOT banned for extra-label use in lactating dairy cows Phenylbutazone Sulfadimethoxine Sulfadiazine Chloramphenicol Enrofloxacin | Sulfadimethoxine |
| What are the goals for dry cow therapy? | Treat existing infections Prevent new infections |
| What is the goal of treating toxic mastitis? | Save the life of the cow |
| What does therapy consist of for toxic mastitis? | FANS fluids anti-inflammatories non-steroidals supportive therapy |
| Which of the following drugs will be most effective against coliform bacteria? Hetacillin Erythromycin Ceftiofur Pirlimycin Penicillin | Ceftiofur |
| Which of the following drugs has a validated breakpoint for S. aureus mastitis? Penicillin Pirlimycin Streptomycin Erythromycin Amoxicillin | Pirlimycin |
| What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquired from? | Contaminated water (water from wells used to spray udders) also associated with "homemade" antibiotics |
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause? What is the mode of transmission? | Summer mastitis transmitted by insects |
| What cows are usually affected by Arcanobacterium? | non-lactating cows and heifers. |
| What does arcanobacterium do to the udder? | causes it to be hard and swollen with a purulent foul-smelling discharge. Turns the udder into an abscess. Can be fatal |
| Where is Bacillus cereus acquired from? What pathological type of mastitis does it cause? | infected distillers grains Gangrenous mastitis (coal black) |
| Where is Bacillus licheniformis acquired from? | cows lie in waste silage (especially corn) |
| Where is Serratia acquired from and what is it associated with? | Soil and water contaminants potential IMM treatment/teat dip contaminant Red milk |
| Where is Prototheca zopfii acquired from? | water contaminant Algae This is rare but if it happens it is disastrous |
| What causes Mycotic mastitis? Where is it acquired from? | Candida & cryptococcus contaminated udder wash/ teat cups and homemade veterinary udder infusions. |
| What is the unclassified pathogen? | Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. |
| Where are coag-negative pathogens found? | They are skin flora opportunists. They are the most frequently isolated bacteria from bovine milk samples. |
| What do you need to know about Streptococcus dysgalactiae? | it is half way between environmental and contagious. lives in tonsils carried by flies |
| What are the 4 ways to detect mastitis? | Visualization and palpation Visualization of milk Somatic Cell Count Detection (herd: Bulk tank SCC; individual: CMT) Electrical Conductivity |
| When interpreting cultures, if you see no growth on the plates what are the possible reasons? | Intermittent excretors (bacteria living in micro abscesses) residual anti-microbials are present Incorrect sample handling Unusual organisms (don't underestimate these) |
| How do you tell the MIC of a drug on a culture plate? | You must measure the zone of inhibition. |
| What is a breakpoint? | a specific MIC of a drug selected to predict the clinical outcome for a specific pathogen, specific disease, in a specific species, using a specific regimen. |
| How does mastitis culture results relate to clinical outcome? | No association. |
| Why do we bother to culture mastitis infections? | It aids in selecting the proper anti-microbial. |
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