Chapter 7
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Created by:
singer4jc108 on January 3, 2009
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74 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Memory | Any system- human, animal, or machine- that encodes, stores and retreives information. |
| Information-processing model | A cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retreived. |
| Encoding | One of the three basic tasks of memory, involving the modification of information to fire the preferred format for the memory system. |
| Storage | One of the three basic takss of memeory, involving the retention of encoded material over time. |
| Retreival | The thrid basic memory, involving the location and recovery of information from memory. |
| Eidetic imagery | An especially clar and persistent form of memory that is wute rare; sometimes kown as "photographic" memory. |
| Sensory memory | the first of the three memory stages, preserving brief sensory impression of stimuli. |
| Working memory | The second of the three memory stages, and the most limited in capacity. It preserves recently perceived event or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal. |
| Long-term memory (LTM) | The third of three memory stages, with the largest capacity and longest duration; LTM stores material organized according to meaning. |
| Chunking | Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units (or chunks) - a process that frees up space in working memory. |
| Maintenance rehearsal | A working-memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it form fading while in working memory. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | A working-memory process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM. |
| Acoustic encoding | The conversion of information, especially semantic information already in LTM. |
| Levels-of-processing theory | The explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered better. |
| Procedural memory | A division of LTM that stored memories for how things are done. |
| Declarative memory | A division of LTM that stores explicit information; also known as fact memory. |
| Episodic memory | A subdivision of declarative memory that stored memory for personal events, or "episodes." |
| Semantic memory | A subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, including the meanings of words and concepts. |
| Engram | The physical changes in the brain associated with memory. It is also known as the memory trace. |
| Anterograde amnesia | The inability to form memories for new information (as opposed to retrograde amnesia, which involves the inability to remember information previously stored in memory. |
| Consolidation | The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories over a period of time. |
| Retrograde amnesia | The inability to remember information previously stored in memory |
| Flashbulb memory | A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event. |
| Implicit memory | A memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness. |
| Explicit memory | Memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled |
| Retrieval cues | Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior. |
| Priming | A technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cue and the retrieved memory. |
| Recall | A retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information |
| Recognition | A retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented. |
| Encoding specificity principle | The doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed. |
| Mood-congruent memory | A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood. |
| TOT phenomenon | The inability to recall a word, while knowing that is it in memory. People often describe this frustrating experience as having the work "on the tip of their tongue" |
| Transience | The impermanence of a long-term memory. |
| Forgetting curve | A graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time of a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables. |
| Absent-mindedness | Forgetting caused by lapses in attention |
| Blocking | Forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved. |
| Proactive interference | A cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information. |
| Retroactive interference | A cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored materials. |
| Serial position effect | A form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented. |
| Misattribution | A memory fault that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place or persons. |
| Suggestibility | The process of memory distortion as the result of the deliberate or inadvertent suggestion. |
| Misinformation effect | The distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation |
| Expectancy bias | In memory, a tendency to recalled events to make them fit one's expectations. |
| Self-consistency bias | The commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are. |
| Persistence | A memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind. |
| Mnemonics | Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory. |
| Methods of loci | A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations |
| Natural language mediators | Words associated with new information to be remembered. |
| Language acquisition device of LAD | A biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar. |
| Grammar | The rules of a language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences. |
| Morphemes | The meaningful units of language hat make up words. Some whole words are morphemes; other morphemes include grammatical components that alter a word's meaning. |
| Overregulation | Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms. |
| Computer metaphor | The idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer. |
| Concepts | Mental representations of categories of items or ides, based on experience. |
| Natural concepts | Mental representations of objects and events drawn form our direct experience. |
| Prototype | An ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category. |
| Artificial concepts | Concepts defined by rules, such as word definition and mathematical formulas. |
| Concept hierarchies | Levels of concepts, from most general to mot specific in which a more general level includes more specific concepts. |
| Event-related potentials | Brain waves shown in the EEG isn't response to stimulation |
| Schema | A knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, event, objects, people, and situations in one's life. |
| Script | A cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings. |
| Algorithms | Problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied. |
| Heuristics | Cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks. |
| Mental set | The tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem. |
| Functional fixedness | The inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; a form of mental art. |
| Hindsight bias | The tendency, alter learning about and event, to "second guess" or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance. |
| Anchoring bias | A faulty heuristic caused by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity. |
| Representativeness bias | Faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once or people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category. |
| Availability bias | A faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled form personal experience. |
| Creativity | A mental process that produces novel responses that contributes to the solutions of problems. |
| Aptitudes | Innate potentialities (as contrasted with abilities acquires by learning) |
| Whole method | The mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned "as a whole," forming an impression of the overall meaning of the material. The details are later associated with this overall impression. |
| Distributed learning | A technique whereby the learner spaces learning sessions over time, rather than trying to learn the material all in one study period. |
| Overlearning | A strategy whereby the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been initially brought to mastery. |
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