| Term | Definition |
|---|
| leaf | the plant organ that grows from a stem in which photosynthesis usually occurs |
| nonvascular plant | plants that do not have vascular tissues |
| vascular plant | plants that have vascular tissues; enables taller growth and survival on land |
| root | plant organ that absorbs water and minerals usually from soil; contains vascular tissues; anchors lant; can be a storage organ |
| seed | a plant organ of seed plants consisting of an embryo, a food supply, and a protective coat; protects the embryo from drying out and also can aid in dispersal |
| stem | plant organ that provides support and growth; contains tissues that transport food and water and other materials; organ from which leaves grow. Can serve as a food storage organ; green stems can carry out photosynthesis |
| frond | in ferns, leaves that grow upward from the rhizome; often divided into pinnae that are attached to a central rachis |
| rhizome | thick, underground stem of a fern and other vascular plants; often functions as an organ for food storage |
| annuals | anthophyte that lives for one year or less |
| biennials | anthophyte that has a lifespan of two years |
| perennials | anthophyte that lives for several years |
| cotyledon | structure of a seed plant embryo that stores or absorbs food for the developing embryo |
| deciduous plant | plants that drop all of their leaves each fall or when water is scarce or unavailable; an adaptation for reducing water loss when water is unavailable |
| dicotyledons | class of anthophytes that have two seed leaves |
| fruit | seed-containing ripened ovary of an anthophyte flower; may be fleshy or dry |
| monocotyledons | class of anthophytes that have one seed leaf |
| pollen grain | in seed plants. structure in which the male gametophyte develops; consists of sperm cells, nutrients and a protective outer covering |
| ovule | in seed plants, the sporophyte structure surrounding the developing female gametophyte; forms the seed after fertlization |
| epidermis | in plants, the outermost layer of flattened cells that covers and protects all parts of the plant |
| apical meristems | regions of actively dividing cells near the tips of roots and stems; allows roots and stems to increase in length |
| meristems | regions of actively dividing cells in plants |
| xylem | vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
| phloem | vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells joined end to end; transports sugars to all parts of the plant |
| vascular cambium | lateral meristem that produces new xylem and phloem cells in the stem and roots |
| guard cells | cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata; regulate the flow of water vapor from leaf tissue |
| stomata | openings in leaf tissue that control gas exchange |
| petiole | in plants, the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem |
| cuticle | protective, waxy coating on the outer surface of the epidermis of most stems and leaves; important adaptation in reducing water loss |
| tropism | growth response of a plant to an external stimulus |
| gametophyte | haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes |
| sporophyte | in algae and plants, the diploid (2n) form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces spores |
| pistil | female reproductive organ of a flower |
| sepals | leaflike, usually green structure encircles the top of a flower stem below the petals |
| stamen | male reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and a filament |
| anther | pollen producing structure located at the tip of a flower's stamen |
| dormancy | period of inactivity in a mature seed prior to germination |
| germination | beginning of the development of an embryo into a new plant |
| vascular tissue | tissues found in vascular plants composed of tubelike, elongated cells through which water, food and other materials are transported throughout the plant; include xylem and phloem |
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