Flashcards: Hammbone's Small List

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AP English 3

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Flashcards: Hammbone's Small List

alliteration
repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables
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Terms

Definitions

alliteration repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables
allusion indirect reference to another text or historic event
analogy an extended comparison between two seemingly disimilar things
anecdote a short account of an interesting event
annotation explanatory or critical notes added to a text
antecedent the noun to which a later pronoun refers
antithesis parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas
aphorism a short, astute statement of a general truth
connotation that which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning (see denotation)
denotation the literal meaning of a word; its dicitionary definition
diction word choice
epigram a brief witty statement
figurative language the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect
figure of speech an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning
hyperbole exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis
irony a contradition between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and results
metaphor a figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison
metonymy use of an aspect of something to represent the whole
omniscient narrator an all-knowing, usually third-person narrator
oxymoron a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms
paradox a statement that seems contradicotry but is actually true
parody a piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule
pathos a Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos)
periodic sentence a sentence that builds towards, and ends with the main clause
persona the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing
personification assigning human characteristics to inanimate objects
rhetoric the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the "available means of persuasion"
rhetorical modepatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparision and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplificaiton, classifcation and division, process analysis, and argumentation
rhetorical question a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer
satire an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it
simile a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things
style the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of works and figures of speech
syllogism a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise
syntax sentence structure
thesis the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer
tone the speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience
trope artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech
understatement lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect
point of view any of several possible vantage points; omniscient, limited to that of a single character, and limited to that of several characters
setting the background to a story
theme the main thought expressed by a work
allegory a story in which people, things and events have another meaning
ambiguity a vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations
digression the use of material unrelated to the subject of a work
euphemism a figure of speech using indirection to avoid offensive bluntness
parable a story designed to suggest a principle, illustrate a moral, or answer a question
onomatopoeia the use of words whose tone suggests their meaning
clause a group of words containing a subject and its verb that may or may not be a complete sentence
ellipsis the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable
parallel structure a similar grammatical structure within a sentence or within a paragraph
abstract an abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research
ad hominem directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellet or reason
adage a saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language
anachronism a person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era
antagonist a character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist, produces tension or conflict
Apollonian in contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualties of human nature and behavior
apostrophe a locution that addresses a person or personified thing not present
arch characterized by clever or sly humor, often saucy, playful and somewhat irreverent
archetype an abstract or ideal conception of a type
assonance the repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words in prose or poetry
bard a poet; in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment
bathos insincere or overdone sentimentality
belle-lettres a French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general
bibliography a list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a particular subject
bombast inflated, pretentious language
burlesque a work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation
cacophony grating, inharmonious sounds
canon the considered most important in a national literature or period; works widely read and studied
caricature a grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things
carpe diem literally, "seize the day"
circumlocution literally, "talking around" a subject
classic a highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time
classical, classicism deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture
climax the high point, or turning point, of a story or play
comparision and contrast a mode of discourse in which two or more things are compared and contrasted
conceit a witty or ingenious thought
concrete detail a highly specific, particular, often real, actual or tangible detail; opposite of abstract
consonance the repetition of two or more consonant sounds in a group of words or a unit of speech or writing
critique an analysis or assessment of a thing or situation for the purpose of determining its nature, its limitations, and its conformity to a set of standards
cynic one who expects and observes nothing but the worst of human conduct
deductive reasoning a method of reasoning by which specific definitions, conclusions, and theorems are drawn from general principals
de'nouement the resolution that occurs at the end of a narrative or drama, real or imagined
descriptive detail graphic, exact, and accurate presentation of the characteristics of a person, place or thing
deus ex machina in literature, the use of an artifical device or gimmick to solve a problem
didactic having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner
Dionysian as distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses
dramatic irony a circumstance in which the audience or reader knows more about a situation than a character
elegy a poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing or death of someone of something of value
elliptical construction a sentence containing a deliberate omission of words
empathy a feeling of association or identification with an object or person
epic a narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero
euphony pleasing, harmonious sounds
epithet an adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality or a person or thing
eponymous a term for the title character of a work of literature
exegesis a detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of prose or poetry
expose a piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other shortcomings
exposition the background and events that lead to the presentation of the main idea or purpose of an essay or other work
explication the interpretation or analysis of a text
extended metaphor a series of comparisons between two unlike objects
fable a short tale often with nonhuman chacters from which a useful lesson may be drawn
fallacy, fallacious reasoning an incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information
fantasy a story containing unreal, imaginary features
farce a comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose
frame a structure that provides a premise or setting for a narrative or other discourse
genre a term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay
harangue a forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade
homily a lecture or sermon on a religious or moral theme meant to guide human behavior
hubris excessive pride that often affects tone
humanism a belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity
idyll a lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place
indirect quotation a rendering of a quotation in which actual words are not stated but only approximated or paraphrased
inductive reasoning a method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization
inference a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data
invective a direct verbal assault; a denunciation; casting blame on someone or something
kenning a device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities
lampoon a mocking, satirical assault on a person or situation
litotes a form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity
loose sentence a sentence that follows the customary word order of English sentences. The main idea of the sentence is presented first and is then followed by one or more subordinate clauses
lyrical prose personal, reflective prose that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject
malapropism a confused use of words in which the appropriate word is replaced by one with a similar soud but inappropriate meaning
maxim a saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth
melodrama a literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response
metaphysical a term describing poetry that uses elaborate conceits, expresses the complexities of love and life, and is highly intellectual
Middle English the language spoken in England roughly between 1150 and 1500 A.D.
mock epic a parody of traditional epic from
mock solemnity feigned or deliberately artificial seriousness, often for satirical purposes
mode the general form, patterm, and manner of expression of a piece of discourse
montage a quick succession of images or impressions used to express an idea
mood the emotional tone or prevailing atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse. In grammar, mood refers to the intent of a particular sentence.
moral a brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature
motif a phrase, idea, or event that through repition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse
muse (n.) one of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts; the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer. (v.) To reflect deeply; to ponder
myth an imaginary story that has become an accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group or society
narrative a from of verse or prose that tells a story
naturalism a term often used as a synonym for realism; also a view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic
non sequitur a statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before
objective of or relating to facts and reality, as opposed to private and personal feelings and attitudes
ode a lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject
Old English the Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D. in what is now Great Britain
paraphrase a version of a text put into simplier, everyday words
pastoral a work of literature dealing with rural life
pathetic fallacy faulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects
pedantic narrowly academic instead of broad and humane; excessively petty and meticulous
plot the interrelationship among the evnts in a story
predicate the part of a sentence that is not the grammatical subject
prose any discourse that is not poetry
proverb a short pithy statement of a general truth, one that condenses common experience into memorable form
pseudonym a false name or alias used by writers
pulp fiction novels written for mass consumption, often emphasizing exciting and titillating plots
pun a humorous play on words, using similar-sounding or identical words to suggest different meanings
realism the depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect
rebuttal, refutation the part of discourse wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and answered
reiteration repetitin of an idea using different words, often for emphasis or other effect
repetition reuse of the same words, phrases, or ideas for rhetorical effect, usually to emphasize a point
retraction the withdrawal of a previously stated idea or opinion
rhetorical stance language that conveys a speaker's attitude or opinion with regard to a particular subject
rhyme the repitition of similar sounds at regualar intervals, used mostly in poetry but not unheard of in prose
rhythm the pattern of stressed amd unstressed syllables that make up speech and writing
romance an extanded narrative abput improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places
sarcasm a sharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks
sentence structure the arrangement of the parts of a sentence
sentiment a synonym for view of feeling; also a refined and tender emotion in literature
sentimental a term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience
stream of consciousness a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind
stylistic devices a general term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and all other elements that contribute to the "style" or manner of a given piece of discourse
subject complement the name of a grammatical unit that is comprised of predicate moninatives and predicate adjectives
subjective of or relating to private and personal feelings and attitudes as opposed to facts and reality
subtext the implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of an essay or other work
symbolism the use of one subject to evoke ideas and associations not literally part of the original object
synecdoche a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part
tragedy a form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and by a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish
transition a stylistic device used to create a link between ideas
verbal irony a discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words
verse a synonym for poetry; also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry
verisimilitude similar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is
whimsy an object, device, or creation that is fanciful or rooted in unreality
wit the quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness
anaphora the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses
appositive a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun
antimetabole the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast
archaic diction the use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language
argument a statement put forth and supported by evidence
Aristotelian triangle a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience
assertion an emphatic statement; declaration
assumption a belief or statement taken for granted without proof
asyndeton leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses
attitude the speaker's position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone
audience one's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
authority a reliable, respected source - someone with knowledge
bias prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue
cite identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source
claim an assertion, usually supported by evidence
close reading a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text
colloquial/ism an informal or conversational use of language
common ground shared beliefs, values, or positions
complex sentences a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
concession a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding
context words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning
coordination grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but
counterargument a challenge to a position; an opposing argument
credible worthy of belief; trustworthy
cumulative sentence an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail
declarative sentence a sentence that makes a statement
dialectal journal a double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column
documentation bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece or writing
elegiac mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone
ethos a Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
explication of text explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used
facts information that is true or demonstrable
fragment a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence
hortatory urging, or strongly encouraging
imagery vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses
imperative sentence a sentence that requests or commands
inversion a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject
irony a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and results
juxtaposition placement of two things side by side for emphasis
logos a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle's three rhetorical appeals
modifier a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause
nominalization turning a verb or adjective into a noun
occasion an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing
omniscient narrator an all-knowing, usually third-person narrator
pacing the relative speed that combines two contradictory terms
paradox a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true
polemic an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion
polysyndeton the deliberative use of a series of conjunctions
premise; major, minor two parts of a syllogism
pronoun a word used to replace a noun or noun phrase
propaganda a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information
purpose one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing
rhetorical modespatterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definiton, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation
scheme a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect
sentence variety using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect
simile a figure of speech that uses "like" or "as" to compare two things
simple sentence a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause
source a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information
speaker a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing
straw man a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position
rhetorical triangle a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience
subject in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing
subordinate clause created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause
subordination the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence
synthesize combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex
thesis the central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer
thesis statement a statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit
topic sentence a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis
zeugma a construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs - often in different, sometimes incongruent ways - two or more words in a sentence

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