Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
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gjulie4545 on August 31, 2011
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 fermentation | a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| cellular respiration | the most prevalant and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel |
| redox reactions | a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation- reduction reaction |
| oxidation | the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reduction | the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reducing agent | the electron donor in a redox reaction |
| oxidizing agent | the electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
| NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons produced during the light reactions |
| electron transport chain | a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
| glycolysis | the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration |
| citric acid cycle | a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitchondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
| acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
| cytochromes | an iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitchondria and chloroplasts |
| ATP synthase | a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitchondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis, with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitchondrion |
| chemiosmosis | an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work,such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis |
| proton-motive force | the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis |
| aerobic | containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it |
| alcohol fermentation | the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol |
| lactic acid fermentation | the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide |
| facultative anaerobes | an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
| beta oxidation | a metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA |
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