Ch.1 Vocabulary
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Created by:
TayGunther on September 1, 2011
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155 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomy | study of body structure |
| Physiology | The study of the processes and functions of an organism |
| Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy | the study of large body structures viable to the naked eye |
| Regional Anatomy | the study of groups of structures in specific body regions |
| Systemic Anatomy | body structure is studied system by system |
| Surface Anatomy | the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface |
| Microscopic Anatomy | deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| Cytology | The study of cells |
| Histology | The study of tissues |
| Developmental Anatomy | traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span |
| Embryology | the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms |
| X-Ray or Radiograph | shadowy negative of internal body structures |
| Computed Tomography (CT) formerly called Computerized Axial Tomography | A refined version of an x-ray |
| Xenon CT | CT brain scan enhanced with radioactive xenon gas to quickly trace blood flow |
| Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) | 3-D version of CT using multiple slices |
| Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) | a process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task |
| Sonography or Ultrasound Imagining | The body is probed with pules of sound waves that cause echoes when reflected and a picture is formed |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain |
| Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) | which maps the distribution of elements other than hydrogen to reveal more about how disease changes body chemistry. Other advances in computer techniques display MRI scans in three dimensions to guide laser surgery. MRI primarily maps the element hydrogen in the body, most of which is in water. |
| Functional MRI | combines both PET and MRI: observes magnetic changes in flow of blood to cells |
| Renal Physiology | concerns kidney function and urine production |
| Neurophysiology | explains the workings of the nervous system |
| Cardiovascular Physiology | examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
| Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function | What a structure can do depends on its specific form |
| Chemical Level | the simplest level of the structural hierarchy |
| Cellular Level | Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body. |
| Tissue Level | groups of similar cells that have a common function |
| Organ Level | made of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body |
| Organ System | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Organismal Level | represents the sum totals of all structural levels working together to promote life |
| Maintain its Boundaries | so living organisms internal environment remains distinct from its external environment surrounding it |
| Contractillty | the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is more precisely |
| Responsiveness or Irritability | the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them. |
| Digestion | the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body |
| Metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Excretion | the process by which wastes are removed from the body |
| Reproduction | The process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next |
| Growth | increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things |
| Nutrients | Compounds in food that the body requires for proper growth, maintenance, and functioning |
| Oxygen | gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells |
| Water | a fluid necessary for the life of most animals and plants |
| Normal Body Temperature | 98.6 F or 37C |
| Atmospheric Pressure | the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on all objects within it |
| Homeostasis | the ability of a living thing to keep conditions inside its body constant |
| Variable | a quantity that can assume any of a set of values |
| Receptor | protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response |
| Control Center | Determines the set point |
| Effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus |
| Negative Feedback Mechanisms | The most common of homeostatic control mechanisms. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
| Positive Feedback Mechanisms | Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change. |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease |
| Anatomical Position | the body is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, with toes and palms facing forward |
| Directional Terms | allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another |
| Regional Terms | used to designate specific areas within major body divisions |
| Axial Part | Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk. |
| Appendicular Part | Consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis. |
| Sagittal Plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| Median Plane or Midsagittal Plane | a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the mid-line |
| Parasagittal Planes | all other sagittal planes offset from the mid-line |
| Frontal Planes | Like sagittal planes, they lie vertically. However, frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. Also known as a coronal plane ("crown"). |
| Transverse or Horizontal Plane | runs horizontally from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts |
| Cross Section | Another term for a Transverse Plane |
| Oblique Sections | cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | protects the fragile nervous system organs |
| Cranial Cavity | the cavity containing the brain |
| Vertebral or Spinal Cavity | runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord |
| Ventral Body Cavity | contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen, that is the visceral organs |
| Viscera or Visceral Organs | Houses the internal organs |
| Thoracic Cavity | surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest |
| Pleural Cavities | lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum |
| Mediastinum | the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus |
| Pericardial Cavity | encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others) |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| Abdominal Cavity | space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen |
| Pelvic Cavity | Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
| Serosa or Serous Membrane | thin, double-layered membrane which covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surface of the organs |
| Parietal Serosa | part of the membrane lining the cavity walls |
| Visceral Serosa | covers the organs in the cavity |
| Serous Fluid | The fluid which lubricates between the parietal and visceral serosae to reduce friction between them. |
| Umbillical Region | The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus |
| Epigastric Region | located superior to the umbilical region |
| Hypogastic Region | located inferior to the umbilical region. |
| Inguinal Regions | located lateral to the hypogastric region |
| Right and Left Lumbar Regions | lateral to the umbilical region |
| Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions | flank the epigastric region laterally |
| Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) | A clinical division of the abdomen. It contains the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, a portion of the pancreas, and portions of small and large intestine. |
| Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) | refers to the area encompassing the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small and large intestines, and the left kidney |
| Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) | A clinical division of the abdomen. It contains portions of small and large intestines, right ovary and fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter. |
| Left Lower Quadrant(LLQ) | A clinical division of the abdomen. It contains portions of small and large intestines, left ovary and fallopian tube, and left ureter. |
| Oral and Digestive Cavities | The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus. |
| Nasal Cavity | either of the two cavities lying between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth and extending from the face to the pharynx |
| Orbital Cavities | The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position. |
| Middle Ear Cavities | The middle ears cavities carved into the skull just lie medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears. |
| Synovial Cavities | Synovial cavities are joint cavities. They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints). Like the serous membrane, membranes lining synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the bones move across one another. |
| Superior (Cranial) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |
| Inferior (Caudal) | Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
| Ventral (Anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| Dorsal (Posterior) | toward or at the back of the body; behind |
| Medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| Proximal | closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Superficial (External) | toward or at the body surface |
| Deep (Internal) | away from the body surface; more internal |
| Nasal | nose |
| Oral | mouth |
| Cervical | neck |
| Acromial | point of shoulder |
| Axilliary | armpit |
| Abdominal | abdomen |
| Brachial | Arm |
| Antecubital | Front of Elbow |
| Antebranchial | forearm |
| Pelvic | pelvis |
| Carpal | wrist |
| Pollex | thumb |
| Palmer | palm |
| Digital | fingers |
| Pubic | genital region |
| Patellar | anterior knee |
| Crural | Leg |
| Pedal | foot |
| Tarsal | ankle |
| Digital | Toes |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Orbital | eye |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Mental | chin |
| Stemal | Breastbone |
| Thoracic | chest |
| Mamary | breast |
| Umbilical | navel |
| Coxal | Hip |
| Inguinal | groin |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Fibular or Peroneal | Side of leg |
| Hallux | great toe |
| Chephalic | head |
| Manus | Hand |
| Otic | Ear |
| Occipital | Back of head or base of skull |
| Vertebral | spinal column |
| Scapular | shoulder blade |
| Dorsum or Dorsal | Back |
| Olecranal | back of elbow |
| Lumbar | loin |
| Sacral | between hips |
| Gluteal | buttocks |
| Perineal | region between the anus and external genitalia |
| Popliteal | back of knee |
| Sural | calf |
| Calcaneal | heel |
| Plantar | sole |
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