NCE Exam - Professional Orientation and Ethics
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Created by:
clabbergirl on September 2, 2011
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From the Rosenthal study materials and various notes for the National Counselor Exam.
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Which group has been most instrumental in opposing counselor licensure? | Psychologists |
| NBCC | National Board for Certified Counselors, formed in 1982, awards the NCC generic credential. |
| NCC | National Certified Counselor Good for 5 years with 100 hours of professional development. (Passing the NCE will get a counselor this certification.) |
| ACA | American Counseling Association (used to be the American Personnel and Guidance Association [AACD]) |
| CCMHA | Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (Must get NCC credential first.) |
| NCSC | National Certified School Counselor (Must get NCC credential first.) |
| Scope of practice | Counselors should only practice using techniques for which they have been trained. |
| Ethical guidelines | First created in 1953 by the American Psychological Association (APA), National Assoc. of Social Workers (NASW) created theirs in 1960, ACA created theirs in 1961. |
| Ethics always describe standards of conduct imposed by ____ and ______. | ACA and NBCC. |
| Ethics define standards of behavior set forth by organizations and certification bodies, they are not usually | state or federally mandated laws. |
| Most ethical dilemmas are related to ______. | Confidentiality |
| Confidentiality | implies the counselor will not reveal anything about a client unless he is given specific authorization to do so. (Confidentiality is relative to the situation as far as counselors go [legally].) |
| Most ethical dilemmas are related to _________. | confidentiality |
| ACA indicates counselors have an obligation to protect the confidentiality of the deceased and this should be stated clearly in your ______ ______ document given to the client at the beginning of treatment. | informed consent |
| Should counselors attend a funeral of a client? | Ask self if whether beneficial (same as attending a wedding), and if attending, document date, time, basis for decision. |
| Tarasoff v. Board of Regents of the Univ. of California | 'Duty to Warn' someone in imminent danger. (Case where client threatened in session, later killed her - her family sued, state court denied [Tarasoff I] but appealed and won in Supreme Court [Tarasoff II].) |
| Duty to warn | Counselors have a responsibility to warn those who appear in serious and foreseeable harm due to statements made during a session. |
| Defamation | revealing information that is damaging to a client's reputation. |
| Beneficence | Counselor is working for the good of the client or group. |
| Justice (in a group situation) | Counselor treats all members fairly. |
| Nonmaleficence | Counselor will do no harm. |
| Libel | Defamatory information that is written. |
| Slander | Defamatory information that is written but references verbal remarks. |
| State laws govern title usage and practice, however, they do not govern ______. | accreditation (applies to programs, not counselors) - Accreditation is NOT the law, only a process whereby an agency/school meets certain standards and qualifications set forth by an association/organization. |
| Programs in Psychology boast accreditation by the APA, while counseling programs are accredited by ______. | CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) |
| Downside of accreditation | Accreditation organization sets the curriculum to gain it, not the school. |
| Exceptions to confidentiality when dealing with suicide include | joking about killing one's self, giving away possessions after a depressed period, previous suicide attempts, detailed suicide plan |
| Suicide checks in as the ___ or ___ leading cause of death in the US (higher than homicide). | 11th or 12th (Guns account for more than all other methods put together.) |
| Suicide is the 2nd/3rd leading cause of death for those ages ____ to ____. | 15 to 24. |
| Suicide is more likely to occur in rural areas and in times of economic recession/depression. | Most suicides occur in the spring at the end of April or May. |
| ____ to ____ of clients will give warning signs of suicide. | 75 to 80% |
| Informed consent | The process of giving the client a document stating counselor qualifications, office hours, billing policies, emergency procedures, therapy techniques, and confidentiality rules so they can acknowledge and sign to signify understanding. |
| Privileged communication (client's privilege) | Legal term implying that a therapeutic interaction (verbal or written) will not be available for public inspection (without client consent). The client can choose whether to reveal confidential info (usually on witness stand) - they are the holder of the privilege. |
| Privileged communication is a _____ concept which protects _____, not counselors. | legal, clients |
| Privileged communication laws are not applicable in cases of | child abuse, neglect, exploitation, suicide, homicidal threats, criminal intentions, clients in dire need of hospitalization, malpractice suits, where client is a minor or mentally incompetent. |
| Privileged communication that is 'qualified' means | exceptions may exist. (Privileged comm. based on licensure status, not degree of certification credetials, because it is a LEGAL concept.) |
| Counselors are mandated reporters for child abuse, making it legal and ethical to break confidentiality in such instances. | When a client's condition indicates there is a clear and imminent danger or serious/foreseeable harm to the client and others, the counselor must take reasonable personal action or inform responsible authorities. |
| Exceptions to confidentiality | Client is danger to self or others, Client requests release of info, Court orders a release of info, Counselor engaged in supervision, Clerical assistant processes client info, Legal/clinical consultations, Malpractice suit, Client less than 18 yrs old, Elderly abuse, Insurance co. requests diagnosis |
| Tarasoff implies a responsible helper will warn an ____ ______. | intended victim. |
| Professionals generally adhere to the ______ of _______ _______, which suggests you reveal only what is necessary. | principle of minimal disclosure |
| Aspirational ethics | a practitioner adheres to the highest possible ethical standards. |
| A 39 yr old female you are seeing in an assertiveness training group reveals she is plotting to shoot her husband. Based on Tarasoff, you should | warn the husband. |
| One impetus for counselor licensing was that psychology licensure bodies sought to _______ the practice of counselors so counselors could not receive 3rd party payments from insurance and managed care company. | restrict (Licensing for counselors was needed as psychologist attained licensing [and had a monopoly on nonmedical treatment services] in every state in the U.S.) |
| EPPP | Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP is to psychologists what the NCE is to counselors) |
| The term 'psychology' can only be used if the helper in question is a licensed ________. | psychologist |
| CACREP accredits masters' degree programs in | career, college, community, gerontological, marital, couple, family, mental health, school counseling, student affairs, counselor education, counselor supervision, and doctoral degrees. (largest # is in school counseling, community counseling is 2nd) |
| One major difference between the psychology v. counseling movement is | psychologists are working to eliminate practitioners with less than a doctorate while counselors are not. |
| APA is to psychologist as ACA is to | counselor |
| Certification is not the same as _______. | licensing (A counseling license is granted by the state government. It is a title mastered by living up to certain standards.) |
| an impaired professional | A counselor who is alcoholic and suffering from burnout. (defined here as the deterioration in the ability to function as a counselor) |
| Paraprofessional | a helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials. |
| Counselor certification | recognizes you have reached a given level of competence and thus are authorized to use a title. |
| A woman comes to you for help with an eating disorder. You have no experience or training in this area. Ethically, you should | refer this client to a colleague who is trained and experienced with this type of client. |
| ________ was the first state to license counselors in 1976. | Virginia |
| The problem with _____ ____ _____ is that it is difficult to administer them in a fair manner. | sliding fee scales (or income sensitive scales) They are ethical and legal, and popular with nonprofit agencies. |
| Amount waived fees | The amount a 3rd party payer does not cover. |
| One potential negative of counseling licensure is that | counselors may not be as creative during graduate work and only take courses aimed at fulfilling the requirements to take the licensure exam. |
| Licensing generally adds prestige to a profession and can serve to protect ____ ______. | the public. |
| Privacy issue: If you or your agency didn't collect the information in the record, you cannot ethically send it to someone else requesting it even if a release form has been signed. (only send info you have collected) | ... |
| Release of information (aka 'consent to disclose') | Ethics dictate client records should be kept at least 5 years after your last contact with the client even if the client is deceased. |
| Reciprocity | occurs when one state or organization accepts the license/credential of another state. |
| FERPA (aka, Buckley Amendment) | Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (1974) -says parents can see their children's school records, and college students can see their own once they are 18. |
| CRC | Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (need at least a master's in rehabilitative counseling, acceptable experience in the field, and passing score on 400 question multiple choice examination) |
| MAC | Master Addictions Counselor (NBCC credential) |
| registry | A list of licensed providers. (counselors on the list sometimes called 'registered professional counselor') |
| _____ or _____ activity with any CURRENT client is unethical under new and old sets of ethics. | Sexual or romantic (Counselor should NEVER have a sexual relationship with a current client.) |
| Abandonment | occurs when a counselor stops providing services and does not refer the client to another helper. |
| Dual relationship | results when a counselor has another significant relationship with the client that hinders objectivity. (can also exist if a supervisor accepts a subordinate as a client.) |
| NCC credential requirements over 5 year period | 100 hours of professional development (CEUs) |
| Countertransference in reference to attraction | Counselor being sexually attracted to the client. (typical manifestation of countertransference - purported to indicate unresolved problems on the part of the helper.) |
| A malpractice/liability insurance company is least likely to defend you if | you are sexually involved with a client. (Your license may be revoked even if the client is not damaged or harmed by the experience.) |
| According to NBCC, a counselor should not engage in sexual intimacies with a FORMER client within a minimum of ____ years after terminating the counseling relationship. | 2 (If engaging in sex after 2 year period, you must document that relationship was not exploitative in nature.) |
| According to the ACA, a counselor should not engage in sexual intimacies with a FORMER client within a minimum of ____ years after terminating the counseling relationship. | 5 |
| Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC) | Controversial software that attempts to counsel clients. (A humanistic counselor's worst nightmare!) |
| Computer Managed Counseling (CMC) | Software that helps manage counseling practice through bookkeeping, appointment setting, billing, etc. (Cuts down on time, paperwork, and money.) |
| Exceptions to dual relationships by the NBCC include | an exception in instances where "an individual's situation warrants counseling intervention and another alternative is unavailable." |
| A counseling journal article should use documentation that is based on _____ style. | APA (from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association) |
| A 16-yr old girl threatens to kill herself and you fail to inform her parents. Your behavior as a counselor is | negligence, failing to perform a duty (obligation to protect the client) |
| Informed consent (as it applies to research) | Fair explanation of benefits, discomfort, freedom to withdraw from study at any time |
| Discrimination | The practice of not treating all clients in an equal manner, especially due to religious, racial, ethnic, sexual, or cultural prejudice. |
| Stereotyping | occurs when a counselor views all persons of a given classification or group in a biased manner. |
| Sexual harassment (per the NBCC) | unwelcome comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature. |
| Persons holding leadership roles must not allow their names to be used in professional notices when they are not practicing unless this is clearly stated in the literature. | Certified counselors recognize their limitations and provide services or only use techniques for which they are qualified by training and/or experience. |
| According to the ACA, counselors consider the _____ status of clients. | financial (ACA also states that counselors devote a portion of their work making a contribution to society by providing services with little financial return or even pro bono.) |
| Paradoxical intervention | occurs when a client is told to exaggerate a symptom (not ok in cases with homicidal/suicidal clients) |
| Bartering | occurs when a client exchanges a good or service for treatment or testing. (ethics allow if client requests, written contract is drafted, and relationship is not exploitative) |
| Ethics state a counselor should _____ all clients for group counseling. | screen |
| Minimal disclosure | if a counselor must break confidentiality, they must reveal only what is necessary, and when possible, inform the client that they are going to disclose confidential info. |
| NBCC code dictates for article submissions, that | certified counselors must not submit the same manuscript (or one of same initial content) for simultaneous publication consideration by 2 or more journals. (Once article is published, may not have it republished elsewhere without express permission of 1st publisher) |
| Consultation | voluntary relationship between professional helper and help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients, client system, or work-related issues. (encourages growth and self-direction for consultee) |
| Nosology | a system of classification or formal diagnosis (using the DSM-IV or ICD). |
| ICD | International Classification of Disease (created by World Health Organization [WHO]) |
| DSM | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (created by American Psychiatric Association) |
| Traditionally, _____ counseloing has caused the most ethical concerns. | behavioral (Concern is that behavior therapists can control, manipulate, and shape behavior.) |
| Another word for 'insurance payments' is | third-party payments |
| The DSM uses a multiaxial classification system with ___ axes. | 5 Published in 1952. First 3 axes - 'official diagnostic assessment' last 2 axes - used for research and special clinical settings to predict outcome and help treatment planning. |
| 5 axes of a DSM diagnosis | Axis 1 - Clinical syndromes: other conditions that may need clinical attention Axis 2 - Personality disorder and mental retardation Axis 3 - General medical condition Axis 4 - Psychosocial/Environmental problems Axis 5 - Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) |
| Global assessment of functioning (GAF) | rates psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a continuum of mental health/mental illness. (taken 2 times - once for present level and once for level during past year which lasted a few months) |
| Diagnosis codes | 5 digits total, 3 digits split by a decimal point, then 2 digits (i.e., 300.24) |
| Fifth digit of DSM code | Can indicate severity or condition in a state of remission. (if '0', indicates 'unspecified', which is also shown as 'NOS' for 'not otherwise specified') |
| V codes | refers to conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition (although may be a focus of treatment such as 'academic problem', 'uncomplicated bereavement' or 'antisocial behavior'.) |
| CPT (by the American Medical Assoc.) | Current Procedural Terminology (insurance billing codes that specify the exact treatment being utilized [i.e., family therapy, individual, etc.]) |
| Mental health consultation | Occurs when a consultant works with consultee regarding clients or administrative program issues. |
| Counselors cannot ethically accept referral fees. | ... |
| Gerald Caplan | Proposed the most popular paradigm of mental health CONSULTATION, consisting of 4 basic types. |
| Client-centered consultation | Goal is to help client. (When supervisor suggests plan of action for one of your clients.) |
| Consultee-centered consultation | Goal is on helping the consultee develop improved techniques or skills. (Supervisor suggests better way for you to implement a technique.) |
| Consultee-centered administrative consultation | Goal is to help sharpen administrative skills. (i.e., making you a better presenter at your board meeting.) |
| Program-centered administrative consultation | Emphasis on creating, designing, or evaluating the program in question. |
| Shein's doctor-patient consultation model | Relies of 4 stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation |
| In order for the doctor-patient consultation to work, the consultee must accurately depict ______, trust the consultant's ______, and carry out consultant's ________. | symptomatology, diagnosis, directives |
| _____ ______ is the leading cause of malpractice actions taken against counselors, therapists, and mental health providers. | Sexual misconduct (estimates over 95% of those involved with therapist have been harmed) |
| Ethical dilemmas seldom have clear-cut answers, therefore, when faced with one | consult with fellow colleagues as well as ethical codes and legal requirements. (In malpractice cases, you are often judged by what your peers would do in the same situation.) |
| Termination and referral of a client you have been unable to help is ethical because you are | acting in the best interest of the client. |
| The first counselors in the US were called ____ and _____ employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women. | deans and advisors |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Set up the first psychology laboratory (in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879) Convinced consciousness could be measured - termed 'structuralism' because of this interest. |
| Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of | Workbook in Vocations, by Proctor, Benefield, and Wrenn. (Coined the term 'counseling') |
| PL94-142 | The Education Act for All Handicapped Children -passed in 1975 and assured children would get free education, least restrictive environment (LRE), get Individualized Education Plan (IEP) |
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) | Formed in 1990 and states business with 15+ employees cannot discriminate against disabled. |
| Group therapy became popular in the _____, but began in the late ____. | 1970s, 1960s |
| The ____ was the age of tremendous strides in development psychology. | 1950s (Piaget, Erikson, and Havinghurst) |
| Gilbert Wrenn's 1960 book, The Counselor in a Changing World' urged counselors to | emphasize developmental concerns rather than focusing merely on crises/emotional illness. |
| One primary problem with counseling in the early 60s was that it emphasized _____ _______. | Intrapsychic processes (When social issues were huge at the time...) |
| National Defense Education Act of 1958 (NDEA) | provided financial aid for grad ed counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children |
| Ethics tell us if a client has a contagious and fatal disease, we are justified in telling a 3rd party who would be at risk. (The counselor must ask if the client has not already informed this 3rd party or if they intend to.) | ... |
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