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Nelson Mandela leader of the African National Congress who was jailed for his opposition to apartheid in South Africa. He was later elected president in 1994 when free elections were established, and was instrumental in a new democratic constitution. Great Zimbabwe a stone city built by the Shona people, beginning in the 900s, in the area that is today Zimbabwe. Zulu an ethnic group in Africa. African National Congress an organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa; opposed to apartheid. savannas a region of grassland with scattered trees lying between the equatorial forest and the hot deserts in either hemisphere. desertification the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert Pan-African Congress an organization formed around the idea that people of African descent around the world should work together for their freedom, Africa deserved independence from European rule/ colonialism Masai an ethnic group in Africa. Willem de Klerk He was opposed to apartheid, became president in 1989, released prisoners who had worked to stop apartheid, and repealed many apartheid laws. Hutu The majority ethnic tribe in Rwanda who was responsible for the 1994 genocide Great Rift Valley separation of tectonic plates have made these steep-walled valleys from the Red Sea to Mozambique Lake Victoria Africa's largest lake which is located in a rift valley. harambee a Swahili term that means "pulling together" and that is used in reference to Kenyan schools built by Kenyan people rather than by the government. Afrikaners a descendant of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. apartheid an official policy of racial separation formerly practiced in South Africa. Sahel a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"