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Structuralism early school of psychology that used introspection to explore structural elements of the mind functionalism school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish behaviorism psychology should be 1) an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. ** most research psychologists agree with 1 but not 2 humanistic psychology emphasized growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth cognitive neuroscience interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition ( including perception, thinking, memory, and language psychology science of behavior and mental processes nature-nurture issue controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. today's sic sees traits and behavior from interaction of nat and nurt natural selection of all inherited trait variations those that contribute to reproduction and survival will be the ones passed on Levels of analysis differing yet complimentary view from bio to psycho to soc/cult, for analyzing any given phenomenon biopsychosocial approach integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social-cultural levels of analysis basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base applied research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems counseling psychology assists people w/ problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) clinical psychology studies, assess and treats people with psychological disorders psychiatry branch of medicine dealing w/ psychological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes or vide medical (drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy