AP US History Unit 1 Vocab
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gutowgeo000 on September 3, 2011
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Colonial Era
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68 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Reciprocity | mutual exchange of commercial or other privileges. Many Native American Tribes believed in this. |
| Kinship Bonds | bonds of familial relationship, whether by blood or law. These were very important to the Native Americans. |
| Assimilate | To take in; to absorb; to learn thoroughly. The English colonists were not usually interested in assimilating the Native Americans, but to an extent the Spanish were. |
| St. Augustine | A fortress erected in 1565 to block the French from expanding into Florida and to protect sea-lanes to the Caribbean. Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the future US. |
| Roanoke | British colony planted on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina by Sir Walter Raleigh. After several failed attempts, it mysteriously disappeared. First planted 1585, finally abandoned 1590. |
| Jamestown, Virginia | Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London, Main purpose was profit by gold. Starvation and Indians were problems. Success is thanks to John Rolfe and Tobacco ("Father of Tobacco") 1619- First Slaves in Virginia, House of Burgesses. 3 Wars with Powhatan "Confederacy" (1610-1614, 162-1632,1644-1646), Pocahontas. |
| Joint Stock Company | Forerunner of the modern corporation. The investors generally hoped to liquidate the company for profit after it becomes successful. Allowed several persons to pool their capital to fund an expensive venture. |
| John Smith | took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. He therefore told the citizens that people who do not work do not eat. His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing. Also famous for being "saved" by Pocahontas in a ritual conducted by the Powhatans. |
| Pocahontas | daughter of the Native American Chief Powhatan. "Saved" John Smith in a ritual intended to express the tribe's desire for peace. Acted as a valuable go between, helping to maintain an uneasy peace and carry foodstuffs. |
| Starving Time | The winter of 1609 to 1610. Only sixty of Jamestown's colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world. Cannibalism was resorted to at times. |
| John Rolfe | husband of Pocahontas. He also figured out how to raise and cure tobacco, which made Virginia economically viable. |
| House of Burgesses | The first of the "mini-parliaments" to arise in the English Colonies. Gained permission to form from the Virginia Company in 1619. |
| Headright System | Method of attracting settlers to Virginia; it began in 1618, it gave fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony. It was intended to help solve a labor shortage. |
| Indentured Servitude | Those who could not afford passage to the New World could agree to do work for a period of time in exchange for their "master" paying their passage. |
| Anglo-Powhatan Wars | First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. In 1622 the Indians attack leaving 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Raids drove the Indians farther west under the direction of Lord De La Warr, who directed the use of "Irish Tactics". This involved what would today be considered guerrilla warfare: villages were raided, crops destroyed, supplies seized, etc. The third war was fought in 1644, and was a last ditch effort to dislodge the Virginians, the Indians were again defeated. |
| Proprietorship | a colony given by the king to a wealthy person. This person then set it up as they chose, subject to royal approval. |
| Maryland | A colony established in 1632 by the Catholic Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics from Anglican persecution. He attempted to create a feudal state, with vast plots under the ownership of Catholic lords. Unfortunately, the yeomen were mostly Protestant, which led to religious tensions and in 1649 the Act for Religious Toleration, which was the first of its kind. The first proprietorship. |
| Act for Religious Toleration | Passed in 1649, it affirmed religious toleration in Maryland for those who professed the divinity of Jesus. Those who did not were given the death sentence. The Catholics supported in order to protect themselves form the Protestant majority. It was also know as the Toleration Act. |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Began in April 1676 when Nathaniel Bacon led an army of frontiersmen (former indentured servants, mostly) against Indian tribes in retaliation for attacks against frontier towns. Both friendly and hostile tribes were attacked. Bacon was arrested, then pardoned by Governor Berkeley, his cousin, when he confessed on June 5th. Bacon then raised an army of five hundred and marched into Jamestown. He forced Berkeley at gunpoint to make him commander of all forces against the Indians. Berkeley reneged on July 19th, and civil war ensued. Bacon's forces looted the plantations of Berkeley's friends, who had enjoyed a monopoly on the fur trade, and eventually burned Jamestown. Bacon died of dysentery and body lice, and the rebellion collapsed. 20 of his followers were executed by Berkeley. |
| Reasons for the growth of slavery (1675-1700) | Bacon's Rebellion convinced the gentry that indentured servants were to dangerous to keep around. Also, England's population was shrinking, even as wages increased. This reduced the number of people willing to take indenture. African slaves were increasing in availability in the Chesapeake with the breaking of the Royal African Company's monopoly on the slave trade. |
| indulgences/purgatory | Those who were not baptized but did not deserve hell (dead babies) or simply didn't deserve heaven either went here (Limbo). By giving money to the Catholic Church, you could get time off for dead relatives. This was one of Martin Luther's complaints, since it was kind of a scam. |
| Protestant Reformation | Martin Luther was a German priest who began this in 1517 by nailing his 95 Theses (protests) against Catholic practices to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral. He declared that the Bible alone was God's word, denouncing priests and popes.This resulted in the formation of the Protestant Churches. |
| Protestantism | The movement that split from the Catholic Church as a result of Luther's Theses. |
| predestination/Calvinism | God already knows who is saved and who is damned, but you don't. The saved will learn they are of the "elect" through conversion, wherein God reveals this to them. Even the elect can still ruin it with immoral lives, though. Invented by John Calvin, followed by the Puritans. |
| Formation of the Anglican Church | Henry the 8th started this with the Act of Supremacy in 1534, because the Pope wouldn't annul his marriage to the sonless Catherine of Aragon. This church was tax-supported and enrolled all his subjects. |
| Puritanism | the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects and only admit the elect to church membership) |
| The conversion experience | this was the intensely personal and identifiable occurrence in which God revealed on to be a member of the saved or "elect". Thereafter, a Calvinist was expected to live a holy life as one of the "visible saints". |
| Separatists | Puritans who favored breaking away from the Anglican Church- includes the Pilgrims |
| Nonseparatists | Puritans who wished to reform the Anglican Church from within. |
| Pilgrims/Plymouth Plantation | The first founded the second in 1620. The founders were Separatist Puritans who came to the New World from Holland because they felt they were losing their religious and cultural identity. |
| Mayflower Compact | This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This was an example of a primitive constitution. |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | a Colony founded in 1630 by Nonseparatist Puritans. The expedition was well equipped, consisting of eleven vessels and nearly a thousand colonists. The first governor was John Winthrop. The colony benefited from talented and educated settlers, as well as a sense of unity and purpose shared among the original colonies. The colony used its charter as a sort of constitution for many years,and was intended to be an example of moral righteousness, a "city on a hill". The colony extended voting rights in provincial elections to all male "saints" (converted Puritans). Town government included all male property holders, and sometimes others. There was no separation of church and state, except that clergy could not hold office. |
| Congregationalism (John Cotton) | a system wherein the congregation (church members) controlled the church democratically, ignoring the Anglican Bishops in England. Followed by the Puritans |
| conversion relation | Part of the Massachusetts Puritans practice, it was a requirement of new members. The Relation required that any member of the congregation must go through an examination before the congregation wherein they relayed their personal conversion experience. |
| town meeting | a democratic function where the leading members of the town (male property holders and some others) met to discuss and vote on issues. Used extensively in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
| Roger Williams/Rhode Island | A popular Salem Minister who was banished from Massachusetts because he was a Separatist who condemned the Bay Colony Charter for not paying the Indians for the land and who denied the right of government to regulate religion. He went on to found this colony in 1636 as a squatter colony (made legal with a charter from Parliament in 1644). The colony established complete freedom of religion and simple manhood suffrage (later added a property qualification). |
| Anne Hutchinson | an exceptionally intelligent woman who carried to its logical extreme the idea of predestination, claiming the saved were saved, no matter how they acted on Earth. This assertion is called antinomianism and was high heresy. She was brought to trial in 1638, where she bamboozled her investigators for days, finally claiming to be inspired by God. This was too much, and she was banished. She also claimed that the ministers preached a covenant of works (do good deeds to go to heaven) instead of a covenant of grace (only God's grace can save you). |
| Harvard College | Founded in 1636 by the Puritans in Massachusetts. Used to train ministers instead of sending them to England/Europe. Oldest college in the US. |
| Pequot War | occurred in 1637 when the tensions between the Puritans and Pequots came to head (had been rising as a result of encroachment). The Pequots were routed by the Puritan's total war tactics |
| Old Deluder Act | was passed in 1647 in Massachusetts by the Puritans. It established the first public schools in America to teach children to read the Bible and thus defeat Satan. All towns of 50 families or more had to have a school teacher, and those with 100 or more had to have a grammar school. |
| Half-Way Covenant | an modification of Puritan doctrine in 1662 that allowed the children of baptized members to be baptized. They could not receive communion or vote unless they experienced conversion. |
| King Philip's War | began in 1675 by Metacom (King Philip), chief of the Wampanoags with an alliance of various tribes. 52 Puritan frontier villages were attacked, 12 destroyed. The settlers fought back with total war tactics, and eventually almost destroyed the Native American presence in New England. They were never again a threat. |
| Salem Witch Trials | began in February 1962, with numerous accusations of witchcraft against townsfolk by certain young girls. At the trials, guilt was presumed, and spectral evidence such as dreams in which the accused was a witch or claims of seeing the accused's spirit. 20 people and 2 dogs were lynched (mostly hangings, 1 pressing). Nearly 200 were accused by summer's end. |
| Differences between the New England and Chesapeake Regions | New England immigrants came as nuclear families, which resulted in a normal male female ration. The Chesapeake was mostly inhabited by young, poor, and unmarried former indentured servants, and the male female ratio was as bad as 6:1 by 1640. New England's good diet and clean air/water resulted in 65 year life expectancies and little disease. Hard labor, swamps, and bad water reduced Chesapeake life expectancies to 48 for men and 44 for women, with high disease rates. The strong religiosity of the New England Puritans resulted in an emphasis on education so children could read the Bible. In the Chesapeake, a dearth of children and religious fervor, as well as dispersed population centers as opposed to New England's compact settlements, resulted in a low emphasis on education. |
| Characteristics of the Middle Colonies | These had very ethnically diverse populations, as well as quite fertile soil. |
| New Netherlands | a colony founded by the Dutch in the early 1600s in present day New York. The colony was a fur trading center, as well as military base from which to strike against Spanish Colonies. In 1655, the colony bloodlessly conquered and absorbed New Sweden. Patroons held the balance of power-they were wealthy lords who controlled land along the Hudson and rented it to tenant farmers. The English captured the colony in 1664 without violence and renamed it New York. |
| New York/New Jersey | founded using land taken from New Netherlands in 1664. They attracted diverse settlers in part because neither was founded as either a religious haven and they were less unhealthy than the Chesapeake. Both were proprietary colonies. |
| Pennsylvania | founded as a proprietary colony in 1681 by William Penn using land from Charles the 2nd. Intended as a haven for the Quakers. Famous for being tolerant and at first for having friendly relations with the native Americans. |
| Quakers/Inner Light | a persecuted religious group who were pacifists, believed all were equal in the sight of God (didn't recognize mundane titles), wouldn't take off their hats(we are all children in God's eyes), and refused to support the Anglican Church with taxes, among other strange things. Believed all could be saved as all had the holy spirit (inner light) within them, and thus rejected predestination. No one seemed to like them. |
| Carolina | founded by 8 proprietors in 1663. North and South were very different form beginning. North was settled by subsistence farmers that were independent and anti-authority. South was settled by people from the British Wet Indies, especially Barbados. Brought slaves and slave code with them. The South functioned economically by supplying food to the British West Indies (mostly slave-grown rice), as well as producing commodities such as indigo, wine, etc. for export. |
| French Colonization | Mostly in the middle of the continent: Canada, plus the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri river valleys. Low density-not cities and farms, but trappers and fur traders (the Coureurs de Bois). Also had Catholic missionaries to convert the natives- the Jesuits. Had generally good relations with the Native Americans-didn't encroach and were willing to mingle and intermarry. |
| Spanish Colonization | centered in Mexico, Texas, New Mexico, and Florida. Based mostly on Catholic missions to convert the natives. Sparsely populated-high native populations. At first natives were exploited (conquistadores), later they had better relations. Pope's Rebellion in 1680- Pueblos in New Mexico burned churches and killed priests and settlers-the native religion had been suppressed in favor of Catholicism. |
| English Colonization vs. French and Spanish | English had worse relations with Native Americans than Spanish or French. English were much more densely populated- cities, towns, farms, etc. The English isolated themselves from the Native Americans instead of trading and mingling with them. Mostly they just shot at each other. |
| Restoration/Restoration Colonies/Effects on American Colonies | occurred when Charles II regained the English throne in 1660. He established New York, New Jersey, and Carolina under the control of his supporters. Also tightened his control on the colonies by enforcing trade restrictions via the Navigation Acts (1651) |
| Dominion of New England | established by Charles II brother James II in 1686 under control of Sir Edmund Andros. Abolished the charter gov'ts of New England colonies, plus New York and New Jersey by 1688 and placed them under control of the new, royal government. Intended to protect colonies from French, natives, etc., and more importantly promote efficiency in administration of the Navigation Acts. Allowed Catholic James II to establish tighter control over the dangerously protestant colonies. The leader was openly supportive of the Anglican Church, as well as being despotic and curtailing town meetings. As a result, he was despised, especially by the Puritans. |
| Glorious Revolution | James the II succeeded his brother Charles II in 1685. He and Charles were both Catholic, but he paraded it openly. Parliament feared he would make England into a Catholic nation, so they offered William of Orange and his wife Mary (James' daughter), the Dutch monarchs, the throne of England. James' support evaporated, and he abdicated before there was any violence in 1688. This inspired the American colonists to arrest Andros and dissolve the Dominion, reinstating their representative governments. Andros was caught trying to escape dressed as woman. |
| mercantilism | policy that colonies exist to enrich the Mother Country by trading only with said Mother Country |
| Navigation Acts | passed by Parliament in 1651, 1660, 1663, and 1696 following the policy of mercantilism. required all colonial trade be on British ships, that all colonial imports had to go through Britain, and that certain colonial exports had to pass through England or another colony before going to a different country. |
| Board of Trade | commissioned by King William III of England in 1696 to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England |
| salutary neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies, followed by the Board of Trade, particularly under Robert Walpole (1721-1742). |
| Transportation Act | An act passed by Parliament in 1718 that allowed judges in England, Scotland, and Ireland to send convicted felons to the American colonies |
| Georgia/James Oglethrope | Second founded the first in 1732 as a debtor's haven. Crown supported it as a buffer against Spanish Florida. |
| gentry/the grand style | ... |
| Stono Rebellion | ... |
| colonial government-governor, council, and assembly | colonies were proprietary, royal, or self-ruled. In royal and proprietary colonies, the king/proprietors appointed the governor, who appointed the council-the upper house of the legislature. Those who met voting requirements elected the assembly, the lower house. Self-ruled colonies were controlled by those who met voting requirements- they elected the governor as well |
| power of the purse | colonial assemblies used this control over the treasury to control the governor-they could withhold his salary |
| Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. |
| Benjamin Franklin/Poor Richard's Almanack | the "first civilized American"-invented the lightning rod, the Franklin stove, and bifocals. Was a printer- edited the collection of pithy advice 1733-1758. Lived in Phildelphia. lived 1706-1790. |
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