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labyrinth "labrys" means "double ax" (recurring motif in the palace referring to sacrificial slaughter; intricate plan and scores of rooms of the Knossos palace zoomorphic attribution of animal characteristics or qualities to a god, use of animal forms in symbolism, literature stoas covered colonnades, porch, meeting place barbotine decoration a paste of clay used in decorating coarse pottery in relief polychromatic exhibiting many colors or a change in colors corbel a projecting wall member used as a support for some element in the superstructure, also, courses of stone or brick in which each course projects beyond the one beneath it, two such walls, meeting at the topmost course, create a corbelled arch or corbelled vault tholos beehive shaped tombs covered by enormous earthen mounds dromos long passageway (into the tholos) repousse formed in relief by bearing a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face. The metal is hammered into a hollow mold of wood or some other pliable material and finished with a graver (an incising tool) amphora a two handled jar used for general storage purposes, usually to hold wine or oil krater bowl for mixing wine and water symposium a convivial (social) meeting for drinking music, and intellectual discussion among the ancient Greeks kouros youth kore a sculpture representing a standing young woman clothed in long robes, (also daughter of Zeus) encaustic painter mixed the pigment with wax and applied it to the statue while hot acropolis "high city" stylobate the immediate foundation of a row of classical columns pediment in classical architecture, the triangular space (gable) at the end of a building, formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade (a series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels (a beam used to span an opening) entablature the part of a building above the columns and below the roof, classical temple, has three parts: architrave or epistyle (the lintel or lowest division of the entablature) frieze between the architrave and the cornice, any sculptured or painted band in a building and pediment naos cella, a room with no windows that usually housed the cult statue of the deity pronaos the space, or porch, in front of the cella, or naos, of an ancient Greek temple peristyle external colonnade on all four sides doric order massive in appearance, sturdy columns firmly planted on the stylobate golden mean divine ratio (1.618) the proportional relation between two divisions of the line or two dimension of a plane/ figure such that smaller is the larger as the larger is to the sum of the two, A + B = 1.618, happy medium metope the panel between the triglyphs (a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes) in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief cornice the projecting, crowning member of the entablature framing the pediment; also any crowning projection entasis the convex profile (an apparent swelling) in the shaft of a column black-figure technique painter first put down black silhouettes on the clay surface, then used a sharp pointed instrument to incise linear details within the forms, usually adding highlights over the black figures before firing the vessel ceramics the art of making the decorating pottery slip liquefied clay, glue for clay red-figure technique (artist - Andokides Painter) instead of using the glaze to create the silhouettes of figures, the painter outlined the figures and the colored the background black, the artist could vary the glaze thickness there by expanding the chromatic range firing to bake ceramics in a kiln (brick lined oven), high temperatures (@ 2000 degrees) oxidation the combination of a substance (clay) with oxygen in the firing process bilingual vase experimental vases with the same composition painted on both sides, once in black-figure and once in red-figure contrapposto the disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counter positioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called "weight shift" creating tension on one side and relaxation on the other, separates Classical from Archaic Greek statuary. cire perdue hollow-cast statues lost wax method, several steps, repeated many times, monumental statues cast in parts ionic order characterized by among by volutes (a spiral, scroll like form), capitals, columns with bases, uninterrupted frieze, base sophrosyne "moderation" - refers to the avoidance of excess in daily life hubris common theme in Greek tragedies and mythology, individuals "tragic flaw" usually thinking they were equal or greater than the gods, subsequently being punished, overbearing pride or presumption caryatid a sculptured female figure serving as an ornamental support in place of a column or pilaster orchestra a semicircular space in front of the stage used by the chorus, "dancing place" theatron place for seeing, where spectators sat on a slope overlooking the orchestra corinthian column more ornate, Kallimachos invented, all four sides are similar in appearance, it does not need to be modified, Ionic frieze is used here thus architects do not have to contend with metopes or triglypths pebble mosaics (pella mosaics), the floors are formed of small stones of various colors collected from beaches and riverbanks and set into a thick coat of cement tesserae tiny stones or pieces of glass cut to the desired size and shape (instead of pebbles) hellenistic art violent movement, swirling draperies, and vivid depictions of death and suffering are the norm, emotional intensity, baroque (synonym for absurd or grotesque), overtly sexual gigantomachy the battle between gods and giants pathos a quality, as of an experience or a work of art that arouses feelings of pity, sympathy, tenderness, or sorrow